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Each life stage has developmental forms that differ in morphology and metabolism. Differentiation between these forms is highly regulated in response to changes in the parasite\u2019s environment. Understanding the mechanisms by which <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic> parasites respond to environmental changes and the transmission cycle through the biological vector is critically important for developing bovine babesiosis control strategies.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this study, we induced <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>bovis<\/jats:italic> sexual stages in vitro using xanthurenic acid and documented changes in morphology and gene expression. In vitro induced <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>bovis<\/jats:italic> sexual stages displayed distinctive protrusive structures and surface ruffles. We also demonstrated the upregulation of <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>bovis<\/jats:italic> calcium-dependent protein kinase 4 (<jats:italic>cdpk4<\/jats:italic>), tubulin-tyrosine ligase (<jats:italic>ttl<\/jats:italic>), and methyltransferase (<jats:italic>mt<\/jats:italic>) genes by in vitro induced sexual stages and during parasite development within tick midguts.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Similar to other apicomplexan parasites, it is likely that <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>bovis<\/jats:italic> upregulated genes play a vital role in sexual reproduction and parasite transmission. Herein, we document the upregulation of <jats:italic>cdpk4<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>ttl<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>mt<\/jats:italic> genes by both <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>bovis <\/jats:italic>in vitro induced sexual stages and parasites developing in the tick vector. Understanding the parasite's biology and identifying target genes essential for sexual reproduction will enable the production of non-transmissible live vaccines to control bovine babesiosis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04902-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]],"date-time":"2021-08-10T10:04:04Z","timestamp":1628589844000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Differential expression of calcium-dependent protein kinase 4, tubulin tyrosine ligase, and methyltransferase by xanthurenic acid-induced Babesia bovis sexual stages"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1912-2377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hala E.","family":"Hussein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendell C.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi S.","family":"Taus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janaina","family":"Capelli-Peixoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos E.","family":"Suarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle R.","family":"Mousel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massaro W.","family":"Ueti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl","key":"4902_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S247","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004005190","volume":"129","author":"R Bock","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bock R, Jackson L, de Vos A, Jorgensen W. 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