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Understanding which household characteristics and risk factors lead to higher\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      densities and consequent disease risk can help inform and optimize vector control programs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cross-sectional entomological surveys were conducted in Guayaquil between 2013 and 2016, covering household demographics, municipal services, potential breeding containers, presence of\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      larvae and pupae, and history of using mosquito control methods. A zero-truncated negative binomial regression model was fitted to data for estimating the household pupal index. An additional model assessed the factors of the most productive breeding sites across all of the households.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of surveyed households, 610 satisfied inclusion criteria. The final household-level model found that collection of large solid items (e.g., furniture and tires) and rainfall the week of and 2\u00a0weeks before collection were negatively correlated with average pupae per container, while bed canopy use, unemployment, container water volume, and the interaction between large solid collection and rainfall 2\u00a0weeks before the sampling event were positively correlated. Selection of these variables across other top candidate models with \u2206AICc\u2009&lt;\u20091 was robust, with the strongest effects from large solid collection and bed canopy use. The final container-level model explaining the characteristics of breeding sites found that contaminated water is positively correlated with\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      pupae counts while breeding sites composed of car parts, furniture, sewerage parts, vases, were all negatively correlated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Having access to municipal services like bulky item pickup was effective at reducing mosquito proliferation in households. Association of bed canopy use with higher mosquito densities is unexpected, and may be a consequence of large local mosquito populations or due to limited use or effectiveness of other vector control methods. The impact of rainfall on mosquito density is multifaceted, as it may both create new habitat and \u201cwash out\u201d existing habitat. Providing services and social\/technical interventions focused on monitoring and eliminating productive breeding sites is important for reducing aquatic-stage mosquito densities in households at risk for\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      -transmitted diseases.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04913-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T15:02:21Z","timestamp":1631026941000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Household-level risk factors for Aedes aegypti pupal density in Guayaquil, Ecuador"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Thien-An","family":"Ha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1s M.","family":"Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Lalangui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricio","family":"Ponce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varsovia","family":"Cevallos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"4913_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14020196","volume":"14","author":"N Heydari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Heydari N, Larsen DA, Neira M, Beltr\u00e1n Ayala E, Fernandez P, Adrian J, et al. 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