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Understanding the mechanisms and effects of irrigation on malaria vector bionomics and transmission intensity is essential to develop new or alternative surveillance and control strategies to reduce or control malaria risk. This study was designed to assess the effect of rice irrigation on malaria vector bionomics and transmission intensity in the Gambella Region, Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in Abobo District of the Gambella Region, Ethiopia. Accordingly, clusters (kebeles) were classified into nearby and faraway clusters depending on their proximity to the irrigation scheme. Adult mosquito survey was conducted in February, August and November 2018 from three nearby and three faraway clusters using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps (LTs). During the November survey, human landing catch (HLC) and pyrethrum spray catch (PSC) were also conducted. The collected mosquitoes were morphologically identified to species and tested for <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> infection using circumsporozoite protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CSP-ELISA). Furthermore, species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to identify member species of the <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic> complex. Chi-square and <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>-tests were used to analyze the data using the SPSS version 20 software package.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 4319 female anopheline mosquitoes comprising <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic> sensu lato, <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic> group, <jats:italic>An. pharoensis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>An. coustani<\/jats:italic> complex and <jats:italic>An. squamosus<\/jats:italic> were collected. Overall, 84.5% and 15.5% of the anopheline mosquitoes were collected from the nearby and faraway clusters, respectively. <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic> s.l. was the predominant (56.2%) anopheline species in the area followed by <jats:italic>An. pharoensis<\/jats:italic> (15.7%). The density of anopheline mosquitoes was significantly higher in the nearby clusters in both HLCs [<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>(3)<\/jats:sub>\u2009 = \u20095.14, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u2009= \u20090.0143] and CDC LT catches [<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>(271.97)<\/jats:sub>\u2009 =\u2009 7.446, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u2009&lt;\u2009 0.0001). The overall sporozoite rate of anopheline species from the nearby clusters was 10-fold higher compared to the faraway clusters.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Significantly higher mosquito population density was observed in areas close to the irrigation sites. Sporozoite infection rate in the mosquito population was also markedly higher from the nearby clusters. Therefore, the irrigation scheme could increase the risk of malaria in the area.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04993-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T14:09:09Z","timestamp":1633615749000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["The effect of irrigation on malaria vector bionomics and transmission intensity in western Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Werissaw","family":"Haileselassie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Endalew","family":"Zemene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Chieh","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daibin","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guofa","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Behailu","family":"Taye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alemayehu","family":"Dagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wakgari","family":"Deressa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James W.","family":"Kazura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guiyun","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delenasaw","family":"Yewhalaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"4993_CR1","volume-title":"National malaria guidelines","author":"FMOH","year":"2018","unstructured":"FMOH. 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Written informed consent was obtained from heads of households where mosquitoes were collected. Experienced male adult entomology technicians over 18\u00a0years of age were involved in mosquito collection using HLC. Written consent was sought from the technicians before involving them in the human landing collections. They were provided with malaria prophylaxis and supervised for any development of fever following HLC. This study did not involve vertebrate animals.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"We declare that we have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"516"}}