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This study aimed to explore the pooled prevalence and characteristics of this co-infection using a systematic review approach.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases were searched for relevant studies. The quality of these studies was assessed in accordance with strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines. The numbers of individuals co-infected with <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> and VL and the total numbers of individuals with VL were used to estimate the pooled prevalence using random-effects models. Differences in age, sex and the presence of anemia and malnutrition on admission were compared between co-infected individuals and individuals with VL using a random-effects model; the results are presented as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity among the included studies was assessed and quantified using Cochrane<jats:italic> Q<\/jats:italic> and<jats:italic> I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> statistics.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Of the 3075 studies identified, 12 met the eligibility criteria and were included in this systematic review. The pooled prevalence of <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> infection among the 6453 individuals with VL was 13%, with substantial heterogeneity of the data (95% CI 7\u201318%, <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> 97.9%). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that the highest prevalence of co-infection occurred in African countries, whereas the lowest prevalence occurred in Asian countries. Patients aged &lt;\u20095\u00a0years had higher odds of having co-infection than having VL (co-infection, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009202; VL, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009410) (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.37\u20132.01, <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> 0%; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), whereas patients aged 20\u201329\u00a0years had lower odds of having co-infection than having VL (co-infection, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009170; VL, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009699) (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.60\u20130.93, <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> 18%; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01). Male patients had equivalent odds of having co-infection and having VL (co-infection, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009525; VL, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092232) (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.078\u20131.08, <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> 0%; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.29). Patients with co-infection had lower odds of having anemia at admission than those with VL (co-infection, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009902; VL, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092939) (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.44\u20130.93, <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> 0%; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02). No difference in malnutrition at admission was found in the meta-analysis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The prevalence of malaria co-infection among individuals with VL was heterogeneous and ranged from 7 to 18%, depending on geographical area. Age and anemia at admission were associated with co-infection status. Further longitudinal studies are needed to determine if co-infection with malaria has an impact on the severity of VL.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-05045-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,23]],"date-time":"2021-10-23T21:02:36Z","timestamp":1635022956000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Prevalence and characteristics of malaria co-infection among individuals with visceral leishmaniasis in Africa and Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Polrat","family":"Wilairatana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wetpisit","family":"Chanmol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pongruj","family":"Rattaprasert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick Ramirez","family":"Masangkay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni De Jesus","family":"Milanez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwuntida Uthaisar","family":"Kotepui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manas","family":"Kotepui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"5045_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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