{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T04:00:44Z","timestamp":1778904044684,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]],"date-time":"2021-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637366400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]],"date-time":"2021-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1131603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1131603"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>There is evidence that the knockdown resistance gene (<jats:italic>Kdr<\/jats:italic>) L1014F and acetylcholinesterase-1 gene (<jats:italic>Ace-1<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup>) G119S mutations involved in pyrethroid and carbamate resistance in <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic> influence malaria transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. This is likely due to changes in the behaviour, life history and vector competence and capacity of <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic>. In the present study, performed as part of a two-arm cluster randomized controlled trial evaluating the impact of household screening plus a novel insecticide delivery system (In2Care Eave Tubes), we investigated the distribution of insecticide target site mutations and their association with infection status in wild <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic> sensu lato (s.l.) populations.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Mosquitoes were captured in 40 villages around Bouak\u00e9 by human landing catch from May 2017 to April 2019. Randomly selected samples of <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic> s.l. that were infected or not infected with <jats:italic>Plasmodium <\/jats:italic>sp. were identified to species and then genotyped for <jats:italic>Kdr<\/jats:italic> L1014F and <jats:italic>Ace-1<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup> G119S mutations using quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays. The frequencies of the two alleles were compared between <jats:italic>Anopheles coluzzii<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic> and then between infected and uninfected groups for each species<jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The presence of <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic> (49%) and <jats:italic>An. coluzzii<\/jats:italic> (51%) was confirmed in Bouak\u00e9. Individuals of both species infected with <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> parasites were found. Over the study period, the average frequency of the <jats:italic>Kdr<\/jats:italic> L1014F and <jats:italic>Ace-1<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup> G119S mutations did not vary significantly between study arms. However, the frequencies of the <jats:italic>Kdr<\/jats:italic> L1014F and <jats:italic>Ace-1<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup> G119S resistance alleles were significantly higher in <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic> than in <jats:italic>An. coluzzii<\/jats:italic> [odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 59.64 (30.81\u2013131.63) for <jats:italic>Kdr<\/jats:italic>, and 2.79 (2.17\u20133.60) for <jats:italic>Ace-1<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup>]. For both species, there were no significant differences in <jats:italic>Kdr<\/jats:italic> L1014F or <jats:italic>Ace-1<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup> G119S genotypic and allelic frequency distributions between infected and uninfected specimens (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Either alone or in combination, <jats:italic>Kdr<\/jats:italic> L1014F and <jats:italic>Ace-1<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup> G119S showed no significant association with <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> infection in wild <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>An. coluzzii<\/jats:italic>, demonstrating the similar competence of these species for <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> transmission in Bouak\u00e9. Additional factors including behavioural and environmental ones that influence vector competence in natural populations, and those other than allele measurements (metabolic resistance factors) that contribute to resistance, should be considered when establishing the existence of a link between insecticide resistance and vector competence.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-05079-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]],"date-time":"2021-11-20T10:02:49Z","timestamp":1637402569000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Evaluation of the interaction between insecticide resistance-associated genes and malaria transmission in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato in central C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3499-3114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosine Z.","family":"Wolie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alphonsine A.","family":"Koffi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ludovic P.","family":"Ahoua Alou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleanore D.","family":"Sternberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oulo","family":"N\u2019Nan-Alla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amal","family":"Dahounto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florent H. A.","family":"Yapo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kpahe M. H.","family":"Kanh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soromane","family":"Camara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Welbeck A.","family":"Oumbouke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Innocent Z.","family":"Tia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon-Pierre A.","family":"Nguetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew B.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"NGuessan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"5079_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-69","volume":"5","author":"ME Sinka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sinka ME, Bangs MJ, Manguin S, Rubio-Palis Y, Chareonviriyaphap T, Coetzee M, et al. A global map of dominant malaria vectors. Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:69. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-3305-5-69.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"5079_CR2","unstructured":"Garrett-Jones C, Shidrawi GR. Malaria vectorial capacity of a population of Anopheles gambiae. Bull WHO. 1969;40:531\u2013545. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/267721."},{"key":"5079_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(79)90036-1","volume":"73","author":"M Coluzzi","year":"1979","unstructured":"Coluzzi M, Sabatini A, Petrarca V, Di Deco MA. Chromosomal differentiation and adaptation to human environments in the Anopheles gambiae complex. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1979;73:483\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0035-9203(79)90036-1.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"5079_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2000.00211.x","volume":"14","author":"M Zaim","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zaim M, Aitio A, Nakashima N. Safety of pyrethroid-treated mosquito nets. Med Vet Entomol. 2000;14:1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2000.00211.x.","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"5079_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15535","volume":"526","author":"S Bhatt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bhatt S, Weiss DJ, Cameron E, Bisanzio D, Mappin B, Dalrymple U, et al. The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015. Nature. 2015;526:207\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature15535.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5079_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2010.08.004","volume":"27","author":"H Ranson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ranson H, N\u2019Guessan R, Lines J, Moiroux N, Nkuni Z, Corbel V. Pyrethroid resistance in African anopheline mosquitoes: what are the implications for malaria control? Trends Parasitol. 2011;27:91\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2010.08.004.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"5079_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001619","volume":"11","author":"C Strode","year":"2014","unstructured":"Strode C, Donegan S, Garner P, Enayati AA, Hemingway J. The impact of pyrethroid resistance on the efficacy of insecticide-treated bed nets against African anopheline mosquitoes: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2014;11: e1001619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001619.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"5079_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092662","volume":"9","author":"SN Mitchell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mitchell SN, Rigden DJ, Dowd AJ, Lu F, Wilding CS, Weetman D, et al. Metabolic and target-site mechanisms combine to confer strong DDT resistance in Anopheles gambiae. PLoS ONE. 2014;9: e92662. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0092662.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5079_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.10.020","volume":"130","author":"M Choua\u00efbou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Choua\u00efbou M, Zivanovic GB, Knox TB, Jamet HP, Bonfoh B. Synergist bioassays: a simple method for initial metabolic resistance investigation of field Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations. Acta Trop. 2014;130:108\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.10.020.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"5079_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2011.02.003","volume":"41","author":"BJ Stevenson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stevenson BJ, Bibby J, Pignatelli P, Muangnoicharoen S, O\u2019Neill PM, Lian L-Y, et al. Cytochrome P450 6M2 from the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae metabolizes pyrethroids: sequential metabolism of deltamethrin revealed. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2011;41:492\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ibmb.2011.02.003.","journal-title":"Insect Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"5079_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Choua\u00efbou M, Kouadio FB, Tia E, Djogbenou L. First report of the East African kdr mutation in an Anopheles gambiae mosquito in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire. Wellcome Open Res. 2017; 2:8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.10662.1.","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.10662.1"},{"key":"5079_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2583.1998.72062.x","volume":"7","author":"D Martinez-Torres","year":"1998","unstructured":"Martinez-Torres D, Chandre F, Williamson MS, Darriet F, Berge JB, Devonshire AL, et al. Molecular characterization of pyrethroid knockdown resistance (Kdr) in the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.s. Insect Mol Biol. 1998;7:179\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2583.1998.72062.x.","journal-title":"Insect Mol Biol"},{"key":"5079_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0141645","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101484","volume":"10","author":"RK Dabir\u00e9","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dabir\u00e9 RK, Namountougou M, Diabat\u00e9 A, Soma DD, Bado J, To\u00e9 HK, et al. Correction: distribution and frequency of kdr mutations within Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations and first report of the Ace-1 G119S mutation in Anopheles arabiensis from Burkina Faso (West Africa). PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0141645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0101484.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5079_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-404","volume":"12","author":"J Essandoh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Essandoh J, Yawson AE, Weetman D. Acetylcholinesterase (Ace-1) target site mutation 119S is strongly diagnostic of carbamate and organophosphate resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles coluzzii across southern Ghana. Malaria J. 2013;12:404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2875-12-404.","journal-title":"Malaria J"},{"key":"5079_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2213-9","volume":"17","author":"J Cook","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cook J, Hergott D, Phiri W, Rivas MR, Bradley J, Segura L, et al. Trends in parasite prevalence following 13 years of malaria interventions on Bioko island, Equatorial Guinea: 2004\u20132016. Malaria J. 2018;17:62. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-018-2213-9.","journal-title":"Malaria J"},{"key":"5079_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.859","volume":"73","author":"J Dossou-Yovo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dossou-Yovo J, Guillet P, Rogier C, Chandre F, Carnevale P, Assi S-B, et al. Protective efficacy of lambda-cyhalothrin treated nets in Anopheles gambiae pyrethroid resistance areas of C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005;73:859\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.859.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"5079_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30172-5","volume":"18","author":"I Kleinschmidt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kleinschmidt I, Bradley J, Knox TB, Mnzava AP, Kafy HT, Mbogo C, et al. Implications of insecticide resistance for malaria vector control with long-lasting insecticidal nets: a WHO-coordinated, prospective, international, observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18:640\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30172-5.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"5079_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3101-4","volume":"11","author":"FT Tokponnon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tokponnon FT, Sissinto Y, Ogouy\u00e9mi AH, Ad\u00e9othy AA, Adechoubou A, Houansou T, et al. Implications of insecticide resistance for malaria vector control with long-lasting insecticidal nets: evidence from health facility data from Benin. Malaria J. 2019;11:550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-018-3101-4.","journal-title":"Malaria J"},{"key":"5079_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30427-6","volume":"391","author":"N Protopopoff","year":"2018","unstructured":"Protopopoff N, Mosha JF, Lukole E, Charlwood JD, Wright A, Mwalimu CD, et al. Effectiveness of a long-lasting piperonyl butoxide-treated insecticidal net and indoor residual spray interventions, separately and together, against malaria transmitted by pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes: a cluster, randomised controlled, two-by-two factorial design trial. Lancet. 2018;391:1577\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30427-6.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5079_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e63849","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063849","volume":"8","author":"H Alout","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alout H, Ndam NT, Sandeu MM, Dj\u00e9gbe I, Chandre F, Dabir\u00e9 RK, et al. Insecticide resistance alleles affect vector competence of Anopheles gambiae s.s. for Plasmodium falciparum field isolates. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e63849. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0063849.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5079_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-340","volume":"13","author":"M Ndiath","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ndiath M, Cailleau A, Diedhiou S, Gaye A, Boudin C, Richard V, et al. Effects of the kdr resistance mutation on the susceptibility of wild Anopheles gambiae populations to Plasmodium falciparum: a hindrance for vector control. Malaria J. 2014;13:340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2875-13-340.","journal-title":"Malaria J"},{"key":"5079_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0924-8","volume":"14","author":"C Mitri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mitri C, Markianos K, Guelbeogo WM, Bischoff E, Gneme A, Eiglmeier K, et al. The kdr-bearing haplotype and susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum in Anopheles gambiae: genetic correlation and functional testing. Malaria J. 2015;14:391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-015-0924-8.","journal-title":"Malaria J"},{"key":"5079_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e101484","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101484","volume":"9","author":"RK Dabir\u00e9","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dabir\u00e9 RK, Namountougou M, Diabat\u00e9 A, Soma DD, Bado J, To\u00e9 HK, et al. Distribution and frequency of kdr mutations within Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations and first report of the Ace1G119S mutation in Anopheles arabiensis from Burkina Faso (West Africa). PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e101484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0101484.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5079_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2546-1","volume":"11","author":"S Camara","year":"2018","unstructured":"Camara S, Koffi AA, Ahoua Alou LP, Koffi K, Kabran JPK, Kon\u00e9 A, et al. Mapping insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) from C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11:19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-017-2546-1.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"5079_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5746-5","volume":"18","author":"ED Sternberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sternberg ED, Cook J, Ahoua Alou LP, Aoura CJ, Assi SB, Doudou DT, et al. Evaluating the impact of screening plus eave tubes on malaria transmission compared to current best practice in central C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire: a two armed cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health. 2018;18:894. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-018-5746-5.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"5079_CR26","first-page":"15","volume":"143","author":"MT Gillies","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gillies MT, Coetzee M. A supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Afrotropical Region). Johannesburg. 1987;143:15.","journal-title":"Johannesburg"},{"key":"5079_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11091","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11357-z","volume":"7","author":"GA Yahou\u00e9do","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yahou\u00e9do GA, Chandre F, Rossignol M, Ginibre C, Balabanidou V, Mendez NGA, et al. Contributions of cuticle permeability and enzyme detoxification to pyrethroid resistance in the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Sci Rep. 2017;7:11091. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-11357-z.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5079_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.5.2435-2440.2005","volume":"43","author":"KA Mangold","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mangold KA, Manson RU, Koay ESC, Stephens L, Regner M, Thomson RB, et al. Real-Time PCR for detection and identification of Plasmodium spp. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:2435\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.43.5.2435-2440.2005.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"5079_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2583.2001.00236.x","volume":"10","author":"G Favia","year":"2001","unstructured":"Favia G, Lanfrancotti A, Spanos L, Sid\u00e9n-Kiamos I, Louis C. Molecular characterization of ribosomal DNA polymorphisms discriminating among chromosomal forms of Anopheles gambiae s.s.: An. gambiae s.s. rDNA polymorphisms. Insect Mol Biol. 2001;10:19\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2583.2001.00236.x.","journal-title":"Insect Mol Biol"},{"key":"5079_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-6-111","volume":"6","author":"C Bass","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bass C, Nikou D, Donnelly MJ, Williamson MS, Ranson H, Ball A, et al. Detection of knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in Anopheles gambiae: a comparison of two new high-throughput assays with existing methods. Malaria J. 2007;6:111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2875-6-111.","journal-title":"Malaria J"},{"key":"5079_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2009.09.004","volume":"96","author":"C Bass","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bass C, Nikou D, Vontas J, Williamson MS, Field LM. Development of high-throughput real-time PCR assays for the identification of insensitive acetylcholinesterase (ace-1R) in Anopheles gambiae. Pestic Biochem Physio. 2010;96:80\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pestbp.2009.09.004.","journal-title":"Pestic Biochem Physio"},{"key":"5079_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2015028","volume":"22","author":"AA Koffi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Koffi AA, Ahoua-Alou LP, Djenontin A, Kabran JPK, Dosso Y, Kone A, et al. Efficacy of Olyset \u00ae Duo, a permethrin and pyriproxyfen mixture net against wild pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae s.s. from C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire: an experimental hut trial. Parasite. 2015;22:28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/parasite\/2015028.","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"5079_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2702-2","volume":"11","author":"DD Zoh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zoh DD, Ahoua Alou LP, Toure M, Pennetier C, Camara S, Traore DF, et al. The current insecticide resistance status of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) (Culicidae) in rural and urban areas of Bouak\u00e9, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11:118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-018-2702-2.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"5079_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-204","volume":"12","author":"A Gn\u00e9m\u00e9","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gn\u00e9m\u00e9 A, Guelb\u00e9ogo WM, Riehle MM, Sanou A, Traor\u00e9 A, Zongo S, et al. Equivalent susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae M and S molecular forms and Anopheles arabiensis to Plasmodium falciparum infection in Burkina Faso. Malar J. 2013;12:204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2875-12-204.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5079_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00250-6","volume":"397","author":"ED Sternberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sternberg ED, Cook J, Alou LPA, Assi SB, Koffi AA, Doudou DT, et al. Impact and cost-effectiveness of a lethal house lure against malaria transmission in central C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire: a two-arm, cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2021;397:805\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00250-6.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5079_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2808-9","volume":"18","author":"CZ Koukpo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Koukpo CZ, Fassinou AJYH, Oss\u00e8 RA, Agossa FR, Sovi A, Sewad\u00e9 WT, et al. The current distribution and characterization of the L1014F resistance allele of the kdr gene in three malaria vectors (Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles coluzzii, Anopheles arabiensis) in Benin (West Africa). Malaria J. 2019;18:175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-019-2808-9.","journal-title":"Malaria J"},{"key":"5079_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2019040","volume":"26","author":"B Zogo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zogo B, Soma DD, Tchiekoi BN, Som\u00e9 A, Ahoua Alou LP, Koffi AA, et al. Anopheles bionomics, insecticide resistance mechanisms, and malaria transmission in the Korhogo area, northern C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire: a pre-intervention study. Parasite. 2019;26:40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/parasite\/2019040.","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"5079_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0480-z","volume":"7","author":"TE Nkya","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nkya TE, Poupardin R, Laporte F, Akhouayri I, Mosha F, Magesa S, et al. Impact of agriculture on the selection of insecticide resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae: a multigenerational study in controlled conditions. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-014-0480-z.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"5079_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29755","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29755","volume":"6","author":"H Alout","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alout H, Dabir\u00e9 RK, Djogb\u00e9nou LS, Abate L, Corbel V, Chandre F, et al. Interactive cost of Plasmodium infection and insecticide resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Sci Rep. 2016;6:29755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep29755.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5079_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-12","volume":"9","author":"L Djogb\u00e9nou","year":"2010","unstructured":"Djogb\u00e9nou L, Noel V, Agnew P. Costs of insensitive acetylcholinesterase insecticide resistance for the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae homozygous for the G119S mutation. Malar J. 2010;9:12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2875-9-12.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5079_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-1026-3","volume":"14","author":"LS Djogb\u00e9nou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Djogb\u00e9nou LS, Assogba B, Essandoh J, Constant EAV, Makoutod\u00e9 M, Akogb\u00e9to M, et al. Estimation of allele-specific Ace-1 duplication in insecticide-resistant Anopheles mosquitoes from West Africa. Malar J. 2015;14:507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-015-1026-3.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5079_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8846","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45261-5","volume":"9","author":"E Collins","year":"2019","unstructured":"Collins E, Vaselli NM, Sylla M, Beavogui AH, Orsborne J, Lawrence G, et al. The relationship between insecticide resistance, mosquito age and malaria prevalence in Anopheles gambiae s.l. from Guinea. Sci Rep. 2019;9:8846. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-45261-5.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5079_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1331-5","volume":"15","author":"B Kabula","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kabula B, Tungu P, Rippon EJ, Steen K, Kisinza W, Magesa S, et al. A significant association between deltamethrin resistance, Plasmodium falciparum infection and the Vgsc-1014S resistance mutation in Anopheles gambiae highlights the epidemiological importance of resistance markers. Malaria J. 2016;15:289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-016-1331-5.","journal-title":"Malaria J"},{"key":"5079_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-269","volume":"10","author":"MO Ndiath","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ndiath MO, Cohuet A, Gaye A, Konate L, Mazenot C, Faye O, et al. Comparative susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum of the molecular forms M and S of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis. Malar J. 2011;10:269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2875-10-269.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5079_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/10556788.2011.597854","volume":"27","author":"DA Fournier","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fournier DA, Skaug HJ, Ancheta J, Ianelli J, Magnusson A, Maunder MN, et al. AD Model Builder: using automatic differentiation for statistical inference of highly parameterized complex nonlinear models. Optim Methods Softw. 2012;27:233\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10556788.2011.597854.","journal-title":"Optim Methods Softw"},{"key":"5079_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2008.10.008","volume":"24","author":"BM Bolker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bolker BM, Brooks ME, Clark CJ, Geange SW, Poulsen JR, Stevens MHH, et al. Generalized linear mixed models: a practical guide for ecology and evolution. Trends Ecol Evol. 2009;24:127\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tree.2008.10.008.","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"5079_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2009.12.001","volume":"26","author":"A Cohuet","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cohuet A, Harris C, Robert V, Fontenille D. Evolutionary forces on Anopheles: what makes a malaria vector? Trends Parasitol. 2010;26:130\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2009.12.001.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"5079_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024968","volume":"6","author":"KD Glunt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Glunt KD, Thomas MB, Read AF. The effects of age, exposure history and malaria infection on the susceptibility of Anopheles mosquitoes to low concentrations of pyrethroid. PLoS ONE. 2011;6: e24968. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0024968.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5079_CR49","unstructured":"Manguin S. Biodiversity of malaria in the world. English version completely updated. Paris: John Libbey Eurotext; 2008; 133:427. http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10390\/2213."},{"issue":"5","key":"5079_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16090","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.16090","volume":"2","author":"TS Churcher","year":"2016","unstructured":"Churcher TS, Lissenden N, Griffin JT, Worrall E, Ranson H. The impact of pyrethroid resistance on the efficacy and effectiveness of bednets for malaria control in Africa. eLife. 2016;2(5):e16090. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.16090.","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"5079_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-2022-6","volume":"16","author":"S Mbepera","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mbepera S, Nkwengulila G, Peter R, Mausa EA, Mahande AM, Coetzee M, et al. The influence of age on insecticide susceptibility of Anopheles arabiensis during dry and rainy seasons in rice irrigation schemes of northern Tanzania. Malaria J. 2017;16:364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-017-2022-6.","journal-title":"Malaria J"},{"key":"5079_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6785-9-17","volume":"9","author":"F Simard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Simard F, Ayala D, Kamdem G, Pombi M, Etouna J, Ose K, et al. Ecological niche partitioning between Anopheles gambiae molecular forms in Cameroon: the ecological side of speciation. BMC Ecol. 2009;9:17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6785-9-17.","journal-title":"BMC Ecol"},{"key":"5079_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arq114","volume":"21","author":"G Gimonneau","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gimonneau G, Bouyer J, Morand S, Besansky NJ, Diabate A, Simard F. A behavioral mechanism underlying ecological divergence in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Behav Ecol. 2010;21:1087\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/beheco\/arq114.","journal-title":"Behav Ecol"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-021-05079-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-021-05079-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-021-05079-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]],"date-time":"2021-11-20T22:04:30Z","timestamp":1637445870000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-021-05079-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-021-05079-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 June 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 October 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 November 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical clearance and consent information are included within the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"581"}}