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The C-terminal 19-kDa region of MSP1 has long been considered one of the major candidate antigens for a malaria blood-stage vaccine against\n Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n . However, there is limited information on the C-terminal 19-kDa region of\n Plasmodium ovale<\/jats:italic>\n MSP1 (PoMSP1\n 19<\/jats:sub>\n ). This study aims to analyze the genetic diversity and immunogenicity of PoMSP1\n 19<\/jats:sub>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 37 clinical\n Plasmodium ovale<\/jats:italic>\n isolates including\n Plasmodium ovale curtisi<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Plasmodium ovale wallikeri<\/jats:italic>\n imported from Africa into China and collected during the period 2012\u20132016 were used. Genomic DNA was used to amplify\n P. ovale curtisi<\/jats:italic>\n (poc)\n msp1<\/jats:italic>\n \n 19<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n (pocmsp1<\/jats:italic>\n \n 19<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n ) and\n P. ovale wallikeri<\/jats:italic>\n (pow)\n msp1<\/jats:italic>\n \n 19<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n (\n powmsp1<\/jats:italic>\n \n 19<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n ) genes by polymerase chain reaction. The genetic diversity of\n pomsp1<\/jats:italic>\n \n 19<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n was analyzed using the GeneDoc version 6 programs. Recombinant PoMSP1\n 19<\/jats:sub>\n (rPoMSP1\n 19<\/jats:sub>\n )-glutathione S-transferase (GST) proteins were expressed in an\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n expression system and analyzed by western blot. Immune responses in BALB\/c mice immunized with rPoMSP1\n 19<\/jats:sub>\n -GST were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, antigen-specific T cell responses were assessed by lymphocyte proliferation assays. A total of 49 serum samples from healthy individuals and individuals infected with\n P. ovale<\/jats:italic>\n were used for the evaluation of natural immune responses by using protein microarrays.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Sequences of\n pomsp1<\/jats:italic>\n \n 19<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n were found to be thoroughly conserved in all the clinical isolates. rPoMSP1\n 19<\/jats:sub>\n proteins were efficiently expressed and purified as\u2009~\u200937-kDa proteins. High antibody responses in mice immunized with rPoMSP1\n 19<\/jats:sub>\n -GST were observed. rPoMSP1\n 19<\/jats:sub>\n -GST induced high avidity indexes, with an average of 92.57% and 85.32% for rPocMSP1\n 19<\/jats:sub>\n and rPowMSP1\n 19<\/jats:sub>\n , respectively. Cross-reactivity between rPocMSP1\n 19<\/jats:sub>\n and rPowMSP1\n 19<\/jats:sub>\n was observed. Cellular immune responses to rPocMSP1\n 19<\/jats:sub>\n (69.51%) and rPowMSP1\n 19<\/jats:sub>\n (52.17%) induced in rPocMSP1\n 19<\/jats:sub>\n - and rPowMSP1\n 19<\/jats:sub>\n -immunized mice were found in the splenocyte proliferation assays. The sensitivity and specificity of rPoMSP1\n 19<\/jats:sub>\n -GST proteins for the detection of natural immune responses in patients infected with\n P. ovale<\/jats:italic>\n were 89.96% and 75%, respectively.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n This study revealed highly conserved gene sequences of\n pomsp1<\/jats:italic>\n \n 19<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n . In addition, naturally acquired humoral\u00a0immune\u00a0responses against rPoMSP1 were observed in\n P. ovale<\/jats:italic>\n infections, and high immunogenicity of rPoMSP1\n 19<\/jats:sub>\n in mice was also identified. These instructive findings should encourage further testing of PoMSP1\n 19<\/jats:sub>\n for rational vaccine design.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-05086-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T07:03:17Z","timestamp":1637737397000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Genetic diversity and immunogenicity of the merozoite surface protein 1 C-terminal 19-kDa fragment of Plasmodium ovale imported from Africa into China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Qinwen","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sihong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kokouvi","family":"Kassegne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiachen","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenli","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miaosa","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaobao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoding","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"5086_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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The animal trial was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Jiangnan University [JN no. 20180615t0900930 (100)].","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"583"}}