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The more than 25 established populations in the State of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Palatine and Hesse (south-west Germany) have become a major nuisance and public health threat.\n                      <jats:italic>Aedes albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      deserves special attention as a vector of arboviruses, including dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses. In Germany,\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      control programs are implemented by local communities under the auspices of health departments and regulatory offices.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The control strategy comprised three pillars: (i) community participation (CP) based on the elimination of breeding sites or improved environmental sanitation, using fizzy tablets based on\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (fizzy Bti tablets; Culinex\u00ae Tab plus); (ii) door-to-door (DtD) control by trained staff through the application of high doses of a water-dispersible Bti  granular formulation (Vectobac\u00ae WG) aimed at achieving a long-lasting killing effect; and (iii) implementation of the sterile insect technique (SIT) to eliminate remaining\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      populations. Prior to initiating large-scale city-wide treatments on a routine basis, the efficacy of the three elements was evaluated in laboratory and semi-field trials. Special emphasis was given to the mass release of sterile\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      males.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      More than 60% of the local residents actively participated in the first pillar (CP) of the large-scale control program. The most effective element of the program was found to be the DtD intervention, including the application of Vectobac\u00ae WG (3000 ITU\/mg) to potential breeding sites (10\u00a0g per rainwater container, maximum of 200 l = maximum of approx. 150,000 ITU\/l, and 2.5\u00a0g per container\u2009&lt;\u200950 l) with a persistence of at least 3 weeks.  In Ludwigshafen, larval source management resulted in a Container Index for\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      of &lt; 1% in 2020 compared to 10.9% in 2019. The mean number of\n                      <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>\n                      eggs per ovitrap per 2\u00a0weeks was 4.4 in Ludwigshafen, 18.2 in Metzgergr\u00fcn (Freiburg) (SIT area) and 22.4 in the control area in Gartenstadt (Freiburg). The strong reduction of the\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      population by Bti application was followed by weekly releases of 1013 (Ludwigshafen) and 2320 (Freiburg) sterile\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      males per hectare from May until October, resulting in a high percentage of sterile eggs. In the trial areas of Ludwigshafen and Frieburg, egg sterility reached 84.7\u2009\u00b1\u200912.5% and 62.7\u2009\u00b1\u200925.8%, respectively; in comparison, the natural sterility in the control area was 14.6\u2009\u00b1\u20097.3%. The field results were in line with data obtained in cage tests under laboratory conditions where  sterility rates were 87.5\u2009\u00b1\u20099.2% after wild females mated with sterile males; in comparison, the sterility of eggs laid by females mated with unirradiated males was only 3.3\u2009\u00b1\u20092.8%. The overall egg sterility of about 84% in Ludwigshafen indicates that our goal to almost eradicate the\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      population could be achieved. The time for inspection and treatment of a single property ranged from 19 to 26\u00a0min depending on the experience of the team and costs 6\u20138 euros per property.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      It is shown that an integrated control program based on a strict monitoring scheme can be most effective when it comprises three components, namely CP, DtD intervention that includes long-lasting Bti-larviciding to strongly reduce\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      populations and SIT to reduce the remaining\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      population to a minimum or even to eradicate it. The combined use of Bti and SIT is the most effective and selective tool against\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , one of the most dangerous mosquito vector species.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-05112-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T19:10:47Z","timestamp":1641323447000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Integrated control of Aedes albopictus in Southwest Germany supported by the Sterile Insect Technique"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4536-4257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norbert","family":"Becker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie Min","family":"Langentepe-Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artin","family":"Tokatlian Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thin Thin","family":"Oo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Reichle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renke","family":"L\u00fchken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Schmidt-Chanasit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"L\u00fcthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Puggioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romeo","family":"Bellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"5112_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0814","volume":"12","author":"JM Medlock","year":"2012","unstructured":"Medlock JM, Hansford KM, Schaffner F, Versteirt V, Hendrickx G, Zeller H, et al. 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