{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T08:38:08Z","timestamp":1778834288503,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["320030_175585"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["320030_175585"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Infections with <jats:italic>Strongyloides stercoralis<\/jats:italic> belong to the most neglected helminth diseases, and research and development (R&amp;D) efforts on novel drugs are inadequate.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A commercially available library containing 1600 FDA-approved drugs was tested in vitro against <jats:italic>Strongyloides ratti<\/jats:italic> larvae (L3) at 100\u00a0\u00b5M. Hits (activity\u2009&gt;\u200970%) were then evaluated against <jats:italic>S. ratti<\/jats:italic> adult worms at 10\u00a0\u00b5M. Morantel, prasterone, and levamisole were tested in the <jats:italic>S. ratti<\/jats:italic> rat model using dosages of 1\u2013100\u00a0mg\/kg.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Seventy-one of the 1600 compounds tested against <jats:italic>S. ratti<\/jats:italic> L3 revealed activity above 70%. Of 64 compounds which progressed into the adult screen, seven compounds achieved death of all worms (benzethonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride, Gentian violet, methylbenzethonium chloride, morantel citrate, ivermectin, coumaphos), and another eight compounds had activity &gt;\u200970%. Excluding topical and toxic compounds, three drugs progressed into in vivo studies. Prasterone lacked activity in vivo, while treatment with 100\u00a0mg\/kg morantel and levamisole cured all rats. The highest in vivo activity was observed with levamisole, yielding a median effective dose (ED<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>) of 1.1\u00a0mg\/kg.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Using a drug repurposing approach, our study identified levamisole as a potential backup drug for strongyloidiasis. Levamisole should be evaluated in exploratory clinical trials.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-05117-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T19:02:55Z","timestamp":1640286175000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Assessment of FDA-approved drugs against Strongyloides ratti in vitro and in vivo to identify potentially active drugs against strongyloidiasis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0290-3521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Keiser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"H\u00e4berli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"5117_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9060468","volume":"9","author":"D Buonfrate","year":"2020","unstructured":"Buonfrate D, Bisanzio D, Giorli G, Odermatt P, F\u00fcrst T, Greenaway C, et al. The global prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Pathogens. 2020;9:468.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"5117_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-019-01090-x","volume":"43","author":"G Vasquez-Rios","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vasquez-Rios G, Pineda-Reyes R, Pineda-Reyes J, Marin R, Ruiz EF, Terashima A. Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection syndrome: a deeper understanding of a neglected disease. J Parasit Dis. 2019;43:167\u201375.","journal-title":"J Parasit Dis"},{"key":"5117_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30691-5","volume":"21","author":"D Hofmann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hofmann D, Sayasone S, Sengngam K, Chongvilay B, Hattendorf J, Keiser J. Efficacy and safety of ascending doses of moxidectin against Strongyloides stercoralis infections in adults: a randomised, parallel-group, single-blinded, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging, phase 2a trial. 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