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Indigenous to Southeast Asia,\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      has successfully invaded every inhabited continent, except Antarctica, in the past 80\u00a0years. Vector surveillance and control at points of entry (PoE) is the most critical front line of defence against the introduction of\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      to new areas. Identifying the pathways by which\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      are introduced is the key to implementing effective vector surveillance to rapidly detect introductions and to eliminate them.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A literature review was conducted to identify studies and data sources reporting the known and suspected dispersal pathways of human-mediated\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      dispersal between 1940\u20132020. Studies and data sources reporting the first introduction of\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      in a new country were selected for data extraction and analyses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Between 1940\u20132020,\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      was reported via various dispersal pathways into 86 new countries. Two main dispersal pathways were identified: (1) at global and continental spatial scales, maritime sea transport was the main dispersal pathway for\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      into new countries in the middle to late 20th Century, with ships carrying used tyres of particular importance during the 1980s and 1990s, and (2) at continental and national spatial scales, the passive transportation of\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      in ground vehicles and to a lesser extent the trade of used tyres and maritime sea transport appear to be the major drivers of\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      dispersal into new countries, especially in Europe. Finally, the dispersal pathways for the introduction and spread of\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      in numerous countries remains unknown, especially from the 1990s onwards.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This review identified the main known and suspected dispersal pathways of human-mediated\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      dispersal leading to the first introduction of\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      into new countries and highlighted gaps in our understanding of\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      dispersal pathways. Relevant advances in vector surveillance and genomic tracking techniques are presented and discussed in the context of improving vector surveillance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05413-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,27]],"date-time":"2022-08-27T09:02:53Z","timestamp":1661590973000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["A literature review of dispersal pathways of Aedes albopictus across different spatial scales: implications for vector surveillance"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Tom","family":"Swan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanya L.","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyran M.","family":"Staunton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt A.","family":"Field","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott A.","family":"Ritchie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Burkot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"5413_CR1","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"WA Hawley","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hawley WA. 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