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Countries in Central Asia are valuable in addressing the hypothesis that parasites on domestic animals were introduced along the Silk Road. Adult fleas are obligate parasites, having worldwide distribution. In dogs,<jats:italic>Ctenocephalides canis<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>C. felis<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>C. orientis<\/jats:italic>are the most common species identified. The distribution of the Oriental cat flea,<jats:italic>C. orientis<\/jats:italic>, is restricted to southeast Asia. The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of dog fleas from Uzbekistan, a country in Central Asia, with particular reference to<jats:italic>C. orientis<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fleas were collected from 77 dogs from 5 locations in Uzbekistan. The<jats:italic>cox1<\/jats:italic>gene sequences from<jats:italic>Ctenocephalides<\/jats:italic>spp. were compared to global collection of<jats:italic>Ctenocephalides cox1<\/jats:italic>haplotypes. Landmark-based geometric morphometrics have been applied to the head and curvature to compare<jats:italic>C. canis<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>C. canis<\/jats:italic>using canonical variate analysis and discriminant function analysis<jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, 199 fleas were collected and\u00a0identified as<jats:italic>C. canis<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009115, 58%),<jats:italic>C. orientis<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200953, 27%) and<jats:italic>Pulex irritans<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200922, 11%). None of the fleas were<jats:italic>C. felis<\/jats:italic>. All<jats:italic>Ctenocephalides<\/jats:italic>spp. fleas were subject to<jats:italic>cox1<\/jats:italic>amplification and 95% (166\/175) yielded DNA sequence. There were 25<jats:italic>cox1<\/jats:italic>haplotypes; 14 (22\/25, 88%) were<jats:italic>C. canis cox1<\/jats:italic>haplotypes and 3 (3\/25, 12%) were<jats:italic>C. orientis cox1<\/jats:italic>haplotypes. Molecular analysis confirmed the absence of<jats:italic>C. felis<\/jats:italic>. Four (4\/22) and one (1\/3)<jats:italic>cox1<\/jats:italic>haplotypes were identical to<jats:italic>cox1<\/jats:italic>haplotypes belonging to<jats:italic>C. canis<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>C. orientis cox1<\/jats:italic>haplotypes identified elsewhere, respectively. Overall morphometric analysis confirmed significant differences between the head shape of<jats:italic>C. canis<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>C. orientis<\/jats:italic>and improved four\u2013fivefold the species identification compared to traditional morphological key.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We report for the first time the presence of<jats:italic>C. orientis<\/jats:italic>in Uzbekistan. Differentiation of<jats:italic>C. orientis<\/jats:italic>from<jats:italic>C. canis<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>C. felis<\/jats:italic>remains difficult in regions where these species coexist. Studies in Central and Southeast Asia should confirm species identity using<jats:italic>cox1<\/jats:italic>locus to enable retracing of the distribution of the<jats:italic>Ctenocephalides<\/jats:italic>in Asia. The presence of<jats:italic>C. orientis<\/jats:italic>suggests that this species may have been introduced from the east along the ancient Silk Road.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05477-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T04:02:55Z","timestamp":1664424175000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Fleas from the Silk Road in Central Asia: identification of Ctenocephalides canis and Ctenocephalides orientis on owned dogs in Uzbekistan using molecular identification and geometric morphometrics"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Georgiana","family":"Deak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alisher","family":"Safarov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi Carria","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Runting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei Daniel","family":"Mihalca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"\u0160lapeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"5477_CR1","first-page":"1","volume":"14","author":"RLC Pilgrim","year":"1991","unstructured":"Pilgrim RLC. 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