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Chemical insecticides are currently employed against mosquitoes. However, many cases of insecticide resistance have been reported. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) have demonstrated potential as a bioinsecticide. Here, we assessed the invasion of the EPF\n                      <jats:italic>Beauveria bassiana<\/jats:italic>\n                      into\n                      <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      larvae and changes in the activity of phenoloxidase (PO) as a proxy for the general activation of the insect innate immune system. In addition, other cellular and humoral responses were evaluated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Larvae were exposed to blastospores or conidia of\n                      <jats:italic>B. bassiana<\/jats:italic>\n                      CG 206. After 24 and 48\u00a0h, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was conducted on the larvae. The hemolymph was collected to determine changes in total hemocyte concentration (THC), the dynamics of hemocytes, and to observe hemocyte-fungus interactions. In addition, the larvae were macerated to assess the activity of PO using L-DOPA conversion, and the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) was measured using quantitative Real-Time PCR.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Propagules invaded mosquitoes through the midgut, and blastopores were detected inside the hemocoel. Both propagules decreased the THC regardless of the time. By 24\u00a0h after exposure to conidia the percentage of granulocytes and oenocytoids increased while the prohemocytes decreased. By 48\u00a0h, the oenocytoid percentage increased significantly (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) in larvae exposed to blastospores; however, the other hemocyte types did not change significantly. Regardless of the time, SEM revealed hemocytes adhering to, and nodulating, blastospores. For the larvae exposed to conidia, these interactions were observed only at 48\u00a0h. Irrespective of the propagule, the PO activity increased only at 48\u00a0h. At 24\u00a0h,\n                      <jats:italic>cathepsin B<\/jats:italic>\n                      was upregulated by infection with conidia, whereas both propagules resulted in a downregulation of\n                      <jats:italic>cecropin<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>defensin A<\/jats:italic>\n                      . At 48\u00a0h, blastospores and conidia increased the expression of\n                      <jats:italic>defensin A<\/jats:italic>\n                      suggesting this may be an essential AMP against EPF.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      By 24\u00a0h,\n                      <jats:italic>B. bassiana<\/jats:italic>\n                      CG 206 occluded the midgut, reduced THC, did not stimulate PO activity, and downregulated AMP expression in larvae, all of which allowed the fungus to impair the larvae to facilitate infection. Our data reports a complex interplay between\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      larvae and\n                      <jats:italic>B. bassiana<\/jats:italic>\n                      CG 206 demonstrating how this fungus can infect, affect, and kill\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      larvae.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05655-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T08:03:41Z","timestamp":1673942621000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Beauveria bassiana interacts with gut and hemocytes to manipulate Aedes aegypti immunity"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ricardo","family":"de Oliveira Barbosa Bitencourt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tha\u00eds Almeida","family":"Corr\u00eaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacenir","family":"Santos-Mallet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huarrisson Azevedo","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Lowenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haika Vict\u00f3ria Sales","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia Silva","family":"G\u00f4lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00e2nia Rita Elias Pinheiro","family":"Bittencourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabele","family":"da Costa Angelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"5655_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3045-8","volume":"11","author":"F Tandina","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tandina F, Doumbo O, Yaro AS, Traor\u00e9 SF, Parola P, Robert V. 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