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Additionally, the European tick fauna is changing, for instance due to the spread of\n                      <jats:italic>Dermacentor reticulatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , displaying a higher likelihood of winter activity than\n                      <jats:italic>Ixodes ricinus<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Therefore, we investigated current tick infestations in dogs and cats in Germany and in parts of Austria and the seasonal infestation risk.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall, 219 veterinary practices were invited to collect ticks from cats and dogs on a monthly basis. Ticks were morphologically identified and female\n                      <jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic>\n                      specimens were measured to estimate attachment duration.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In total, 19,514 ticks, 17,789 (91.2%) from Germany and 1506 (7.7%) from Austria, were received between March 2020 and October 2021, with 10,287 specimens (52.7%) detached from dogs, 8005 from cats (41.0%) and 1222 from other species (6.3%). In Germany, the most common tick species collected from dogs were\n                      <jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (78.0%) and\n                      <jats:italic>D. reticulatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (18.8%), while cats mainly harboured\n                      <jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (91.3%) and\n                      <jats:italic>I. hexagonus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (5.5%) and only few\n                      <jats:italic>D. reticulatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (0.6%). In Austria, collected\n                      <jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic>\n                      reached similar proportions in dogs (90.4%) and cats (95.3%), followed by\n                      <jats:italic>D. reticulatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      in both dogs (5.2%) and cats (1.5%), with\n                      <jats:italic>I. hexagonus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (0.9%) collected only marginally from cats. The average infestation intensity amounted to 1.62 ticks\/dog and 1.88 ticks\/cat. The single to multiple infestation ratio was 79.1% to 20.9% in dogs and 69.0% to 31.0% in cats, with cats being significantly more often multiple infested than dogs, while the proportion of mixed-species infestations was 2.0% for both dogs and cats. The average attachment duration of female\n                      <jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic>\n                      specimens amounted to 78.76\u00a0h for dogs and 82.73\u00a0h for cats. Furthermore, year-round tick exposure was confirmed, with 108\n                      <jats:italic>D. reticulatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and 70\n                      <jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic>\n                      received on average per month during December 2020 to February 2021.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study shows a year-round tick infestation risk, with activity of both\n                      <jats:italic>D. reticulatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic>\n                      during winter, and confirms the widespread occurrence of\n                      <jats:italic>D. reticulatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      in Germany. Additionally, long average attachment durations and frequent multiple infestations underline the need for adequate year-round tick control, even during the winter months.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05693-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T02:06:08Z","timestamp":1676513168000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Year-round tick exposure of dogs and cats in Germany and Austria: results from a tick collection study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Probst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Springer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Strube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"5693_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.604910","author":"A Springer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Springer A, Glass A, Topp A-K, Strube C. 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