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Typically, apicomplexan-infected host cells secrete EVs which traverse local and systemic strata of the host as the parasites develop.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Extracellular vesicles were isolated from the caecum and serum of <jats:italic>Eimeria falciformis<\/jats:italic>-infected mice during oocyst ingestion (0\u00a0h post-infection [0\u00a0hpi]), merozont stages 1 and 2 (68 and 116\u00a0hpi), oocyst shedding (7\u00a0days post-infection [7\u00a0dpi]) and host recovery (10\u00a0dpi) and subsequently characterized and profiled by tandem mass tag (TMT).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>With the progression of <jats:italic>E. falciformis<\/jats:italic> life stages, subpopulation\u00a0of EVs bearing EV biomarkers, including CD9, CD82, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, increased. A total of 860 and 1024 differentially expressed proteins were identified in serum EVs (sEVs) and caecum EVs (cEVs), respectively. Identified immune-related molecules\u00a0(such as\u00a0cytokines, receptors, immunoglobins, complements, hormones, inflammasomes), ion exchange and cell death-associated proteins were significantly expressed, at least during the <jats:italic>E. falciformis<\/jats:italic> first and second merozont stages. Bioinformatics assessment indicated that sEV proteins were at all time points implicated in antigen processing and presentation as well as natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity (68\u00a0hpi), complement activation\/blood coagulation (116\u00a0hpi\/10\u00a0dpi) and catabolic activities (7\u00a0dpi). In contrast, cEV proteins were involved in catabolic process, ion transport and antigen presentation (68 and 116\u00a0hpi). Host response to <jats:italic>E. falciformis<\/jats:italic> infection\u00a0was similar to intestinal bacterium at 7\u00a0dpi and cell adhesion and intercellular protein transport at 10\u00a0dpi. In both systems, ferroptosis and necroptosis were common across the parasite\u2019s infectious cycle while apoptosis occurred at 68\u00a0hpi.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The proteomic data indicate that <jats:italic>E. falciformis<\/jats:italic> infection co-opts cellular and humoral responses through EV secretions, and that, host cell death and ionic imbalance are associated with <jats:italic>E. falciformis<\/jats:italic> infection. This study offers additional insight into host-parasite interactions and host regulatory EV proteins as potential disease indicators or diagnostic molecules.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05906-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T10:02:39Z","timestamp":1695808959000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Quantitative proteomic analysis of local and systemic extracellular vesicles during Eimeria falciformis infectious cycle in the host"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Joshua Seun","family":"Olajide","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zigang","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunli","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianping","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"5906_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering6010001","volume":"6","author":"E Serrano-Pertierra","year":"2018","unstructured":"Serrano-Pertierra E, Oliveira-rodr M, Oliva P. 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