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The characteristics of the bacterial community in eyelash roots after\n                      <jats:italic>Demodex<\/jats:italic>\n                      infestation are still unknown. Knowledge of the characteristics of the bacterial community of eyelash follicles in patients with DB can provide valuable insights for guiding the diagnosis and treatment of DB.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty-five patients with DB (DB group) and 21 non-DB volunteers (control group) were enrolled in the study. Eyelashes from the upper eyelid of the right eye were sampled, and 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequencing was performed to determine the V3-V4 regions of the microbial 16S rDNA gene within 1\u00a0month of infestation. The sequencing data of the two groups were analyzed and compared. The effect of the bacterium\n                      <jats:italic>Burkholderia<\/jats:italic>\n                      on the survival of\n                      <jats:italic>Demodex<\/jats:italic>\n                      mites was evaluated using\n                      <jats:italic>Demodex<\/jats:italic>\n                      obtained from 12 patients with DB other that the patients in the DB group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 31 phyla and 862 genera were identified in the DB and control groups. The five most abundant phyla in the two groups were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Cyanobacteria. The abundance of Actinomycetes was significantly higher in the DB group than in the control group. At the genus level, the five most abundant genera in the two groups were\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Rolstonia<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      ;\n                      <jats:italic>Clostridium sensu stricto 1<\/jats:italic>\n                      was abundant in the control group and\n                      <jats:italic>Corynebacterium_1<\/jats:italic>\n                      was abundant in the DB group. Compared with the control group, the abundance of\n                      <jats:italic>Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia<\/jats:italic>\n                      was 2.36-fold lower in the DB group. Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) analysis revealed\n                      <jats:italic>Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>SC_I_84_unclassified<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Nonmyxobacteria<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Succinvibrio<\/jats:italic>\n                      to be the major biomarkers in the control group and\n                      <jats:italic>Catenibacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group<\/jats:italic>\n                      to be the major biomarkers in the DB group. To explore the performance of these optimal marker models, receiver operational characteristic curve analysis was performed, and the average area under the curve value of\n                      <jats:italic>Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia<\/jats:italic>\n                      was 0.7448.\n                      <jats:italic>Burkholderia cepacia<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolated from normal human eyelashes was fermented, and the\n                      <jats:italic>Demodex<\/jats:italic>\n                      mites isolated from patient eyelashes were cultured together with its fermented supernatant. The results showed that the fermentation supernatant could significantly reduce the survival time of the\n                      <jats:italic>Demodex<\/jats:italic>\n                      mites, suggesting the potential therapeutic value of this bacterium against\n                      <jats:italic>Demodex<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The composition of the bacterial community in the eyelashes of DB patients differed from that in eyelashes of healthy volunteers, revealing a decrease in bacterial diversity in infested eyelashes. This decrease may be related to the occurrence and development of DB. The supernatant of\n                      <jats:italic>Burkholderia cepacia<\/jats:italic>\n                      culture medium was found to inhibit the growth of\n                      <jats:italic>Demodex<\/jats:italic>\n                      in eyelash hair follicles, providing a new insight with potential applications for the clinical treatment of\n                      <jats:italic>Demodex<\/jats:italic>\n                      infestation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06122-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,14]],"date-time":"2024-02-14T11:03:34Z","timestamp":1707908614000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Characteristics of bacterial community in eyelashes of patients with Demodex blepharitis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Dulei","family":"Zou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuhai","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangying","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huabo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yabin","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengjie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiyun","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"6122_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.10.019","volume":"126","author":"G Amescua","year":"2019","unstructured":"Amescua G, Akpek EK, Farid M, Garcia-Ferrer FJ, Lin A, Rhee MK, et al. 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