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Insecticide-based vector control has been the primary tool employed to combat DF, but the current susceptibility status of <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic> to commonly used insecticides is unknown. Assessment of <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic> resistance to pyrethroid insecticides and an understanding of the underlying mechanisms of this resistance in the China-Myanmar border region is of significant strategic importance for effectively controlling the DF epidemic in the area.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic> larvae collected from Ruili and Gengma counties in Yunnan Province were reared to adults in the laboratory and tested for susceptibility to three pyrethroid insecticides (3.20% permethrin, 0.08% lambda-cyhalothrin and 0.20% deltamethrin) by the standard WHO susceptibility bioassay. Genotyping of mutations in the knockdown gene (<jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>), namely S989P, V1016G and F1534C, that are responsible for resistance to pyrethroid insecticides was performed using allele-specific PCR methods. A possible association between the observed resistant phenotype and mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene (<jats:italic>VGSC<\/jats:italic>) was also studied.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>  mosquitoes collected from the two counties and reared in the laboratory were resistant to all of the pyrethroids tested, with the exception of <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic> from Gengma County, which showed sensitivity to 0.20% deltamethrin. The mortality rate of <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic> from Ruili county exposed to 3.20% permethrin did not differ significantly from that of <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic> from Gengma County (<jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.311, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.577). By contrast, the mortality rate of <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic> from Ruili County exposed to 0.08% lambda-cyhalothrin and 0.20% deltamethrin, respectively, was significantly different from that of <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>  from Gengma. There was no significant difference in the observed KDT<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> of <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic> from the two counties to various insecticides. Four mutation types and 12 genotypes were detected at three <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic> mutation sites. Based on results from all tested <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>, the V1016G mutation was the most prevalent  <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic> mutation (100% prevalence), followed by the S989P mutation (81.6%) and the F1534C mutation (78.9%). The constituent ratio of <jats:italic>VGSC<\/jats:italic> gene mutation types was significantly different in <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes from Ruili and those Gengma. The triple mutant S989P\u2009+\u2009V1016G\u2009+\u2009F1534C was observed in 274 <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes (60.8%), with the most common genotype being SP\u2009+\u2009GG\u2009+\u2009FC (31.4%). The prevalence of the F1534C mutation was significantly higher in resistant <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic> from Ruili (odds ratio [OR]\u20097.43; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.71\u201332.29; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01) and Gengma (OR\u20099.29; 95% CI 3.38\u201325.50; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.00) counties than in susceptible <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic> when exposed to 3.20% permethrin and 0.08% lambda-cyhalothrin, respectively. No significant association was observed in the triple mutation genotypes with the <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic> population exposed to 3.20% permethrin and 0.20% deltamethrin resistance (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05), except for <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic> from Gengma County when exposed to 0.08% lambda-cyhalothrin (OR\u20092.86; 95% CI 1.20\u20136.81; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic> from Ruili and Gengma counties have developed resistance to various pyrethroid insecticides. The occurrence of multiple mutant sites in <jats:italic>VGSC<\/jats:italic> strongly correlated with the high levels of resistance to pyrethroids in the <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic> populations, highlighting the need for alternative strategies to manage the spread of resistance. A region-specific control strategy for dengue vectors needs to be implemented in the future based on the status of insecticide resistance and <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic> mutations.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06124-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T07:02:12Z","timestamp":1709017332000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Pyrethroid resistance status and co-occurrence of V1016G, F1534C and S989P mutations in the Aedes aegypti population from two dengue outbreak counties along the China-Myanmar border"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kemei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaotao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingyun","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingkun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xaioxiong","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinyong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"6124_CR1","first-page":"1020","volume":"9","author":"J Yang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yang J, Zhang B-S, Tang F-L, Yang X, Yang H-L, Wu C, et al. 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