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Both USUV and WNV are emerging zoonotic viruses hosted by wild birds. The 2020 finding of USUV in England raised awareness of this virus and highlighted the importance of understanding the seasonality of\n                      <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                      sensu lato (\n                      <jats:italic>Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                      s.l.), the main enzootic vector of these viruses.  Zoos are prime locations for trapping mosquitoes because of their infrastructure, security,\u00a0and range of vertebrate hosts and aquatic habitats.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Three independent zoo-based case studies at four locations that cover the seasonality of\n                      <jats:italic>Cx.<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                      s.l. in England were undertaken: (i) London Zoo (Zoological Society London [ZSL]) and surrounding areas, London; (ii) Chester Zoo (Cheshire); (ii) Twycross Zoo (Leicestershire); and (iv) Flamingo Land (zoo; North Yorkshire). Various adult mosquito traps were used to catch adult\n                      <jats:italic>Cx.<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                      s.l. across seasons.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      High yields of\n                      <jats:italic>Cx.<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                      s.l.\/\n                      <jats:italic>Culex torrentium<\/jats:italic>\n                      were observed in Biogents-Mosquitaire and Center for Disease Control and Prevention Gravid traps in all studies where these traps were used. Mosquito counts varied between sites and between years. Observations of adult\n                      <jats:italic>Cx.<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                      s.l.\/\n                      <jats:italic>Cx. torrentium<\/jats:italic>\n                      abundance and  modelling studies demonstrated peak adult abundance between late July and early August, with active adult female\n                      <jats:italic>Cx.<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                      s.l.\/\n                      <jats:italic>Cx. torrentium<\/jats:italic>\n                      populations between May and September.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The information collated in this study illustrates the value of multiple mosquito monitoring approaches in zoos to describe the seasonality of this UK vector across multiple sites in England and provides a framework that can be used for ongoing and future surveillance programmes and disease risk management strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06143-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,11]],"date-time":"2024-02-11T03:01:54Z","timestamp":1707620514000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Field-based assessments of the seasonality of Culex pipiens sensu lato in England: an important enzootic vector of Usutu and West Nile viruses"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Nicola","family":"Seechurn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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