{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T15:25:32Z","timestamp":1790349932749,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709683200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This paper describes changes in the prevalence and intensity of schistosome parasite infections in a project integrating mass drug administration (MDA), water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH), and behavioral change interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Geshiyaro Project comprises three intervention arms. Arm 1 is subdivided into \u201cArm 1 pilot\u201d (one district) and Arm 1 (four other districts), both receiving integrated community-wide MDA with intensive WaSH interventions. Arm 2 involves 17 districts with community-wide MDA interventions, while Arm 3 serves as a control with school-based MDA interventions in three districts. A total of 150 individuals, stratified by age group, were randomly selected from each of the 45 sentinel sites. Arm sizes were 584 (Arm 1 pilot), 1636 (Arm 1), 2203 (Arm 2), and 2238 (Arm 3). Statistical tests were employed to compare infection prevalence and intensity across the different arms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The prevalence of schistosome parasite infection ranged from 0% to 2.6% and from 1.7% to 25.7% across districts, employing the Kato-Katz (KK) and point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) diagnostics, respectively. The mean infection intensity level showed no marked difference between baseline and follow-up surveys when measured by KK, except in Arm 2 (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20096.89,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Infection prevalence decreased significantly in Arm 1 (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20098.62,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), Arm 2 (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20096.94,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), and Arm 3 (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20098.83,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), but not in Arm 1 pilot (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091.69,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.09) by POC-CCA, when trace was considered positive. The decrease was significant only in Arm 1 (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20093.28,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0001) and Arm 2 (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20097.62,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) when the trace was considered negative in POC-CCA. Arm 2 demonstrated a significant difference in difference (DID) compared to the control group, Arm 3, regardless of whether trace in POC-CCA was considered positive (DID\u2009=\u20093.9%,\n                      <jats:italic>df<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20098780,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.025) or negative (DID\u2009=\u2009\u22125.2,\n                      <jats:italic>df<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20098780,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0004).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of schistosomiasis was low when employing the KK diagnostic but moderate in some locations by the POC-CCA diagnostic. The infection level had decreased across all arms of the Geshiyaro study at mid-term of the 7-year project, but further efforts are needed to reduce the rate of parasite transmission based on the POC-CCA diagnostic scores.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06156-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T10:03:51Z","timestamp":1709719431000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Progress in controlling the transmission of schistosome parasites in Southern Ethiopia: the Geshiyaro Project in the Wolaita Zone"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Birhan","family":"Mengistu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewnetu Firdawek","family":"Liyew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melkie","family":"Chernet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geremew","family":"Tasew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santiago Rayment","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosie","family":"Maddren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Collyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ufaysa","family":"Anjulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adugna","family":"Tamiru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Forbes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zelalem","family":"Mehari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kebede","family":"Deribe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teshale","family":"Yadeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihretab","family":"Salasibew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Getachew","family":"Tollera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roy","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"6156_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. 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