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Drugs currently used for treatment of toxoplasmosis are less effective and sometimes cause serious side effects. There is an urgent need for the development of more effective drugs with relatively low toxicity.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The effect of tylosin on the viability of host cells was measured using CCK8 assays. To assess the inhibition of tylosin on\u00a0<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\u00a0proliferation, a real-time\u00a0PCR targeting the\u00a0B1 gene\u00a0was developed for <jats:italic>T.\u00a0gondii<\/jats:italic>\u00a0detection and\u00a0quantification. Total RNA was extracted from parasites treated with tylosin and then subjected to transcriptome analysis by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Finally, murine infection models of toxoplasmosis were used to evaluate the protective efficacy of tylosin against <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> virulent RH strain or avirulent ME49 strain.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We found that tylosin displayed low host toxicity, and its 50% inhibitory concentration was 175.3\u00a0\u03bcM. Tylsoin also inhibited intracellular <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> tachyzoite proliferation, with a 50% effective concentration of 9.759\u00a0\u03bcM. Transcriptome analysis showed that tylosin remarkably perturbed the gene expression of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>, and genes involved in \u201cribosome biogenesis (GO:0042254)\u201d and \u201cribosome (GO:0005840)\u201d were significantly dys-regulated. In a murine model, tylosin treatment alone (100\u00a0mg\/kg, i.p.) or in combination with sulfadiazine sodium (200\u00a0mg\/kg, i.g.) significantly prolonged the survival time and raised\u00a0the\u00a0survival rate of animals infected with <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> virulent RH or avirulent ME49 strain. Meanwhile, treatment with tylosin significantly decreased the parasite burdens in multiple organs and decreased\u00a0the\u00a0spleen\u00a0index of mice with acute toxoplasmosis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our findings suggest that tylosin exhibited potency against\u00a0<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\u00a0both in vitro and in vivo, which offers promise for treatment of human toxoplasmosis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06157-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,10]],"date-time":"2024-02-10T11:02:13Z","timestamp":1707562933000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Anti-Toxoplasma gondii effect of tylosin in vitro and in vivo"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ru-Xia","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pi-Cheng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huai-Yu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Liang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing-Yu","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Rong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shen-Yi","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Xue","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"6157_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00518-7","volume":"19","author":"SK Matta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Matta SK, Rinkenberger N, Dunay IR, et al. 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The maintenance and care of experimental animals were carried out in strict accordance with the regulations of Good Animal Practice requirements of the Animal Ethics Procedures and Guidelines of the People\u2019s Republic of China. All efforts have been made to alleviate suffering and minimize the number of animals used in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All the authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript. All the people involved in the study gave their consent for its publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"59"}}