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This parasite can cause potentially life-threatening heartworm disease in dogs and pulmonary dirofilariasis in humans and is, therefore, a major health concern in both the veterinary medicine and human medical fields. This is the first report of <jats:italic>D. immitis<\/jats:italic> infections and heartworm disease in the Baltic country Estonia.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Data on canine <jats:italic>D. immitis<\/jats:italic> infections and heartworm disease were collected from the electronic patient records database of the Small Animal Clinic of Estonian University of Life Sciences, the only university clinic in Estonia. The patient records of dogs with confirmed diagnosis of <jats:italic>D. immitis<\/jats:italic> infection or heartworm disease were reviewed and summarised.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Six dogs\u00a0had been\u00a0diagnosed with confirmed <jats:italic>D. immitis<\/jats:italic> infection or heartworm disease at the university clinic in 2021\u20132022. The confirmed diagnoses had been reached following international guidelines, based on a combination of different tests. Molecular confirmation of the parasite species had\u00a0not\u00a0been performed. Two of the dogs had been imported while four had no travel history outside of the country.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Four of the dogs with a confirmed <jats:italic>D. immitis<\/jats:italic> infection or heartworm disease had no history of being imported or travelling outside of the country, indicating autochthonous infections and, consequently, local circulation of the parasite in Estonia. These findings represent the new northernmost autochthonous cases of <jats:italic>D. immitis<\/jats:italic> infection and canine heartworm disease reported in the European Union.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06217-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T00:02:45Z","timestamp":1710288165000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Heartworm disease in domestic dogs in Estonia: indication of local circulation of the zoonotic parasite Dirofilaria immitis farther north than previously reported"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8411-0981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maare","family":"M\u00f5ttus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8787-4728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul F.","family":"M\u00f5tsk\u00fcla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3035-5094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pikka","family":"Jokelainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"6217_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)00204-2","volume":"66","author":"JW McCall","year":"2008","unstructured":"McCall JW, Genchi C, Kramer LH, Guerrero J, Venco L. 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