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While climatic factors have been linked to disease occurrences, they do not explain the non-random spatial distribution in disease outbreaks. Landscape-related factors, such as vegetation structure, likely play a crucial but hitherto unquantified role.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We explored how three critically important factors that are associated with mosquito-borne disease outbreaks: microclimate, mosquito abundance and bird communities, vary at the landscape scale. We compared the co-occurrence of these three factors in two contrasting habitat types (forest versus grassland) across five rural locations in the central part of the Netherlands between June and September 2021.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results show that forest patches provide a more sheltered microclimate, and a higher overall abundance of birds. When accounting for differences in landscape characteristics, we also observed that the number of mosquitoes was higher in isolated forest patches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our findings indicate that, at the landscape scale, variation in tree cover coincides with suitable microclimate and high\n                      <jats:italic>Culex pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                      and bird abundance. Overall, these factors can help understand the non-random spatial distribution of mosquito-borne disease outbreaks.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06239-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T08:02:49Z","timestamp":1711440169000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Landscape level associations between birds, mosquitoes and microclimates: possible consequences for disease transmission?"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5231-1981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louie","family":"Krol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laure","family":"Remmerswaal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marvin","family":"Groen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7237-275X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordy G.","family":"van der Beek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7331-6274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reina S.","family":"Sikkema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1044-4265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha","family":"Dellar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0771-4500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter M.","family":"van Bodegom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0017-599X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gertjan W.","family":"Geerling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9803-6244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maarten","family":"Schrama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"6239_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1064-7","volume":"103","author":"Z Hub\u00e1lek","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hub\u00e1lek Z. 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