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This study aimed to provide updates on the distribution of\n                      <jats:italic>An. stephensi<\/jats:italic>\n                      and likely household exposure in Ethiopia.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Entomological surveillance was performed in 26 urban settings in Ethiopia from 2021 to 2023. A kilometer-by-kilometer quadrant was established per town, and approximately 20 structures per quadrant were surveyed every 3 months. Additional extensive sampling was conducted in 50 randomly selected structures in four urban centers in 2022 and 2023 to assess households\u2019 exposure to\n                      <jats:italic>An. stephensi<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Prokopack aspirators and CDC light traps were used to collect adult mosquitoes, and standard dippers were used to collect immature stages. The collected mosquitoes were identified to species level by morphological keys and molecular methods. PCR assays were used to assess\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection and mosquito blood meal source.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Catches of adult\n                      <jats:italic>An. stephensi<\/jats:italic>\n                      were generally low (mean:\u20090.15 per trap), with eight positive sites among the 26 surveyed. This mosquito species was reported for the first time in Assosa, western Ethiopia.\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles stephensi<\/jats:italic>\n                      was the predominant species in four of the eight positive sites, accounting for 75\u2013100% relative abundance of the adult\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      catches. Household-level exposure, defined as the percentage of households with a peridomestic presence of\n                      <jats:italic>An. stephensi<\/jats:italic>\n                      , ranged from 18% in Metehara to 30% in Danan.\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles arabiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      was the predominant species in 20 of the 26 sites, accounting for 42.9\u2013100% of the\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      catches. Bovine blood index, ovine blood index and human blood index values were 69.2%, 32.3% and 24.6%, respectively, for\n                      <jats:italic>An. stephensi<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and 65.4%, 46.7% and 35.8%, respectively, for\n                      <jats:italic>An. arabiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . None of the 197\n                      <jats:italic>An. stephensi<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes assayed tested positive for\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      sporozoite, while of the 1434\n                      <jats:italic>An. arabiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes assayed, 62 were positive for\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      (10 for\n                      <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      and 52 for\n                      <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study shows that the geographical range of\n                      <jats:italic>An. stephensi<\/jats:italic>\n                      has expanded to western Ethiopia. Strongly zoophagic behavior coupled with low adult catches might explain the absence of\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection. The level of household exposure to\n                      <jats:italic>An. stephensi<\/jats:italic>\n                      in this study varied across positive sites. Further research is needed to better understand the bionomics and contribution of\n                      <jats:italic>An. stephensi<\/jats:italic>\n                      to malaria transmission.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06243-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]],"date-time":"2024-03-31T15:01:23Z","timestamp":1711897283000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Spatiotemporal distribution and bionomics of Anopheles stephensi in different eco-epidemiological settings in 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