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The understanding of the transmission cycle of\n T<\/jats:italic>\n .\u00a0\n conorhini<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Triatoma\u00a0rubrofasciata<\/jats:italic>\n in China is not fully known.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n The parasites in the faeces and intestinal contents of the\n Tr<\/jats:italic>\n .\n rubrofasciata<\/jats:italic>\n were collected, and morphology indices were measured under a microscope to determine the species. DNA was extracted from the samples, and fragments of 18S rRNA, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and glycosomal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gGAPDH) were amplified and sequenced. The obtained sequences were then identified using the BLAST search engine, followed by several phylogenetic analyses. Finally, laboratory infections were conducted to test whether\n Tr<\/jats:italic>\n .\u00a0\n rubrofasciata<\/jats:italic>\n transmit the parasite to rats (or mice) through bites. Moreover, 135\n Tr<\/jats:italic>\n .\u00a0\n rubrofasciata<\/jats:italic>\n samples were collected from the Guangxi region and were used in assays to investigate the prevalence of trypanosome infection.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>\n sp. were found in the faeces and intestinal contents of\n Tr<\/jats:italic>\n .\n rubrofasciata<\/jats:italic>\n , which were collected in the Guangxi region of southern China and mostly exhibited characteristics typical of epimastigotes, such as the presence of a nucleus, a free flagellum and a kinetoplast. The body length ranged from 6.3 to 33.9\u00a0\u00b5m, the flagellum length ranged from 8.7 to 29.8\u00a0\u00b5m, the nucleus index was 0.6 and the kinetoplast length was \u22124.6. BLAST analysis revealed that the 18S rRNA, HSP70 and gGAPDH sequences of\n Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>\n sp. exhibited the highest degree of similarity with those of\n T<\/jats:italic>\n .\u00a0\n conorhini<\/jats:italic>\n (99.7%, 99.0% and 99.0%, respectively) and formed a well-supported clade close to\n T<\/jats:italic>\n .\u00a0\n conorhini<\/jats:italic>\n and\n T<\/jats:italic>\n .\u00a0\n vespertilionis<\/jats:italic>\n but were distinct from those of\n T<\/jats:italic>\n .\u00a0\n rangeli<\/jats:italic>\n and\n T<\/jats:italic>\n .\u00a0\n cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n . Laboratory experiments revealed that both rats and mice developed low parasitaemia after inoculation with\n Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>\n sp. and laboratory-fed\n Tr<\/jats:italic>\n .\u00a0\n rubrofasciata<\/jats:italic>\n became infected after feeding on trypanosome-positive rats and mice. However, the infected\n Tr<\/jats:italic>\n .\u00a0\n rubrofasciata<\/jats:italic>\n did not transmit\n Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>\n sp. to their offspring. Moreover, our investigation revealed a high prevalence of\n Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>\n sp. infection in\n Tr<\/jats:italic>\n .\u00a0\n rubrofasciata<\/jats:italic>\n , with up to 36.3% of specimens tested in the field being infected.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Our study is the first to provide a solid record of\n T<\/jats:italic>\n .\u00a0\n conorhini<\/jats:italic>\n from\n Tr<\/jats:italic>\n .\u00a0\n rubrofasciata<\/jats:italic>\n in China with morphological and molecular evidence. This Chinese\n T<\/jats:italic>\n .\u00a0\n conorhini<\/jats:italic>\n is unlikely to have spread through transovarial transmission in\n Tr<\/jats:italic>\n .\u00a0\n rubrofasciata<\/jats:italic>\n , but instead, it is more likely that the parasite is transmitted between\n Tr<\/jats:italic>\n .\u00a0\n rubrofasciata<\/jats:italic>\n and mice (or rats). However, there was a high prevalence of\n T<\/jats:italic>\n .\u00a0\n conorhini<\/jats:italic>\n in the\n Tr<\/jats:italic>\n .\u00a0\n rubrofasciata<\/jats:italic>\n from our collection sites and numerous human cases of\n Tr<\/jats:italic>\n .\u00a0\n rubrofasciata<\/jats:italic>\n bites were recorded. Moreover, whether these\n T<\/jats:italic>\n .\u00a0\n conorhini<\/jats:italic>\n strains are pathogenic to humans has not been investigated.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06274-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T13:02:05Z","timestamp":1715346125000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Morphological and molecular characteristics of a Trypanosoma sp. from triatomines (Triatoma\u00a0rubrofasciata) in China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yunliang","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"DeHua","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dengyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liyan","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyin","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peichao","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoquan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanwen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"6274_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2012.01314.x","volume":"60","author":"C Milocco","year":"2013","unstructured":"Milocco C, Kamyingkird K, Desquesnes M, Jittapalapong S, Herbreteau V, Chaval Y, et\u00a0al. 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