{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T04:17:59Z","timestamp":1793679479954,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1T32GM133366"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1T32GM133366"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Feline-associated hemotropic\n                      <jats:italic>Mycoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                      (hemoplasmas) are believed to be transmitted by two primary mechanisms: (1) direct transmission via fighting and (2) vector-borne transmission by the cat flea (\n                      <jats:italic>Ctenocephalides felis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). While the efficiency of transmission by\n                      <jats:italic>C. felis<\/jats:italic>\n                      appears low, most manuscripts focus on the prevalence of hemoplasmas in wild-caught fleas and report either a very low (&lt; 3%) or a high (&gt; 26%) prevalence. Therefore, we aimed to assess the influence of sample processing and PCR methods on\n                      <jats:italic>C. felis<\/jats:italic>\n                      hemoplasma infection prevalence.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A systemic review of PubMed articles identified 13 manuscripts (1,531 fleas\/flea pools) that met the inclusion criteria (performed PCR for &gt;1 hemoplasma on\n                      <jats:italic>C. felis<\/jats:italic>\n                      collected from cats). Risk of bias was assessed utilizing the ROBINS-E tool. Meta-analysis performed in R of these manuscripts found that not washing samples and a common set of 16S rRNA primers first published in Jensen et al. 2001 were associated with increased hemoplasma prevalence. To evaluate the influence of washing on newly collected fleas, we assessed the hemoplasma status of 20 pools of 5\n                      <jats:italic>C. felis<\/jats:italic>\n                      each, half of which were washed and half not washed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Flea washing did not influence the detection of hemoplasma but instead amplified\n                      <jats:italic>Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                      . To assess non-specific amplification with the Jensen et al. 2001 primers, 67 C.\n                      <jats:italic>felis<\/jats:italic>\n                      samples (34% previously reported hemoplasma infected) were subject to PCR and sequencing. By this method, hemoplasma was detected in only 3% of samples. In the remaining \u201chemoplasma infected\u201d fleas, PCR amplified\n                      <jats:italic>Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                      or other bacteria.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Therefore, we concluded that hemoplasma infection in\n                      <jats:italic>C. felis<\/jats:italic>\n                      is rare, and future flea prevalence studies should sequence all positive amplicons to validate PCR specificity. Further investigation of alternative methods of feline-associated hemoplasma transmission and the ability of\n                      <jats:italic>C. felis<\/jats:italic>\n                      to maintain hemoplasma infection is necessary.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06292-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T01:12:48Z","timestamp":1715217168000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["A case of mistaken identity: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and reinvestigation of hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. infection in Ctenocephalides felis (cat flea)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Charlotte O.","family":"Moore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Lashnits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Lappin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Hawley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward B.","family":"Breitschwerdt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"6292_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15517","volume":"33","author":"E Lashnits","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lashnits E, Grant S, Thomas B, Qurollo B, Breitschwerdt EB. Evidence for vertical transmission of Mycoplasma haemocanis, but not Ehrlichia ewingii, in a dog. J Vet Intern Med. 2019;33:1747\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.15517.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"6292_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10143","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-37079-z","volume":"13","author":"LG Huggins","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huggins LG, Baydoun Z, Mab R, Khouri Y, Schunack B, Traub RJ, et al. Transmission of haemotropic Mycoplasma in the absence of arthropod vectors within a closed population of dogs on ectoparasiticides. Sci Rep. 2023;13:10143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-37079-z.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"6292_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vas.2021.100175","author":"LC Bordin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bordin LC, Gava D, Sonalio K, Mechler-Dreibi ML, Zanella JRC, Mor\u00e9s N, et al. Investigation of hemotropic Mycoplasmas in fetuses and sows with reproductive failure. Vet Anim Sci. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vas.2021.100175.","journal-title":"Vet Anim Sci"},{"key":"6292_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1412.080964","volume":"14","author":"AP Dos Santos","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dos Santos AP, Dos Santos RP, Biondo AW, Dora JM, Goldani LZ, De Oliveira ST, et al. Hemoplasma infection in HIV-positive patient. Brazil Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:1922\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1412.080964.","journal-title":"Brazil Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"6292_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2601.190983","author":"N Hattori","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hattori N, Kuroda M, Katano H, Takuma T, Ito T, Arai N, et al. Candidatus Mycoplasma haemohominis in Human, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2601.190983.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"6292_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3782","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01029-10","volume":"48","author":"JE Sykes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sykes JE, Lindsay LAL, Maggi RG, Breitschwerdt EB. Human coinfection with Bartonella henselae and two hemotropic Mycoplasma variants resembling Mycoplasma ovis. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:3782\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.01029-10.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"6292_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03175091","volume":"57","author":"C Yuan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yuan C, Liang A, Yu F, Yang Z, Li Z, Zhu J, et al. Eperythrozoon infection identified in an unknown aetiology anaemia patient. Ann Microbiol. 2007;57:467\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03175091.","journal-title":"Ann Microbiol"},{"key":"6292_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir666","volume":"53","author":"JA Steer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Steer JA, Tasker S, Barker EN, Jensen J, Mitchell J, Stocki T, et al. A novel hemotropic Mycoplasma (Hemoplasma) in a patient with hemolytic anemia and pyrexia. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53:147\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/cir666.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"6292_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3237","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01125-13","volume":"51","author":"RG Maggi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maggi RG, Compton SM, Trull CL, Mascarelli PE, Mozayeni BR, Breitschwerdt B, et al. Infection with hemotropic Mycoplasma species in patients with or without extensive arthropod or animal contact. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51:3237\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.01125-13.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"6292_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2010.07.003","volume":"40","author":"JE Sykes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sykes JE. Feline hemotropic mycoplasmas. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2010;40:1157\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvsm.2010.07.003.","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"6292_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2002.63.1172","volume":"63","author":"JW George","year":"2002","unstructured":"George JW, Rideout BA, Griffey SM, Pedersen NC. Effect of preexisting FeLV infection or FeLV and feline immunodeficiency virus coinfection on pathogenicity of the small variant of Haemobartonella felis in cats. Am J Vet Res. 2002;63:1172\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.2002.63.1172.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"6292_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00282-10","volume":"17","author":"GA Wolf-J\u00e4ckel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wolf-J\u00e4ckel GA, J\u00e4ckel C, Museux K, Hoelzle K, Tasker S, Lutz H, et al. Identification, characterization, and application of a recombinant antigen for the serological investigation of feline hemotropic Mycoplasma infections. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2010;17:1917\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CVI.00282-10.","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"6292_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.06.028","volume":"139","author":"S Tasker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tasker S, Peters IR, Papasouliotis K, Cue SM, Willi B, Hofmann-Lehmann R, et al. Description of outcomes of experimental infection with feline haemoplasmas: Copy numbers, haematology, Coombs\u2019 testing and blood glucose concentrations. Vet Microbiol. 2009;139:323\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.06.028.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"6292_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.1008","volume":"66","author":"JE Woods","year":"2005","unstructured":"Woods JE, Brewer MM, Hawley JR, Wisnewski N, Lappin MR. Evaluation of experimental transmission of Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum and Mycoplasma haemofelis by Ctenocephalides felis to cats. Am J Vet Res. 2005;66:1008\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.1008.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"6292_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.3.961-969.2006","volume":"44","author":"B Willi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Willi B, Boretti FS, Baumgartner C, Tasker S, Wenger B, Cattori V, et al. Prevalence, risk factor analysis, and follow-up of infections caused by three feline hemoplasma species in cats in Switzerland. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44:961\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.44.3.961-969.2006.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"6292_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.232.3.372","volume":"232","author":"JE Sykes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sykes JE, Terry JC, Lindsay LL, Owens SD. Prevalences of various hemoplasma species among cats in the United States with possible hemoplasmosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2008;232:372\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.232.3.372.","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"6292_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-0953-3","volume":"13","author":"M Bergmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bergmann M, Englert T, Stuetzer B, Hawley JR, Lappin MR. Risk factors of different hemoplasma species infections in cats. BMC Vet Res. 2017;13:6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-017-0953-3.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"6292_CR18","first-page":"411","volume":"1","author":"A Kamrani","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kamrani A, Parreira VR, Greenwood J, Prescott JF. The prevalence of Bartonella, hemoplasma, and Rickettsia felis infections in domestic cats and in cat fleas in Ontario. Can J Vet Res. 2008;1:411\u20139.","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"key":"6292_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.6.2581-2585.2005","volume":"43","author":"B Willi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Willi B, Boretti FS, Cattori V, Tasker S, Meli ML, Reusch C, et al. Identification, molecular characterization, and experimental transmission of a new hemoplasma isolate from a cat with hemolytic anemia in Switzerland. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:2581\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.43.6.2581-2585.2005.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"6292_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.67.3.494","volume":"67","author":"JE Woods","year":"2006","unstructured":"Woods JE, Wisnewki N, Lappin MR. Attempted transmission of Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum and Mycoplasma haemofelis by feeding cats infected Ctenocephalides felis. Am J Vet Res. 2006;67:494\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.67.3.494.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"6292_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3798","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02977-06","volume":"73","author":"B Willi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Willi B, Boretti FS, Meli ML, Bernasconi MV, Casati S, Hegglin D, et al. Real-time PCR investigation of potential vectors, reservoirs, and shedding patterns of feline hemotropic mycoplasmas. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007;73:3798\u2013802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.02977-06.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"6292_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2010.00569.x","volume":"88","author":"VR Barrs","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barrs VR, Beatty JA, Wilson BJ, Evans N, Gowan R, Baral RM, et al. Prevalence of Bartonella species, Rickettsia felis, haemoplasmas and the Ehrlichia group in the blood of cats and fleas in eastern Australia. Aust Vet J. 2010;88:160\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2010.00569.x.","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"6292_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10091221","volume":"10","author":"C Manvell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Manvell C, Ferris K, Maggi R, Breitschwerdt EB, Lashnits E. Prevalence of vector-borne pathogens in reproductive and non-reproductive tissue samples from free-roaming domestic cats in the South Atlantic USA. Pathogens. 2021;10:17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens10091221.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"6292_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.604","volume":"62","author":"WA Jensen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jensen WA, Lappin MR, Kamkar S, Reagan WJ. Use of a polymerase chain reaction assay to detect and differentiate two strains of Haemobartonella felis in naturally infected cats. Am J Vet Res. 2001;62:604\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.604.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"6292_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1534-1","volume":"9","author":"MF Persichetti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Persichetti MF, Solano-Gallego L, Serrano L, Altet L, Reale S, Masucci M, et al. Detection of vector-borne pathogens in cats and their ectoparasites in southern Italy. Parasit Vectors. 2016;9:7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-016-1534-1.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6292_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05487-1","volume":"5","author":"C Manvell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Manvell C, Berman H, Callahan B, Breitschwerdt E, Swain W, Ferris K, et al. Identification of microbial taxa present in Ctenocephalides felis (cat flea) reveals widespread co-infection and associations with vector phylogeny. Parasit Vectors. 2022;5:17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-022-05487-1.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6292_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.013","volume":"140","author":"S Hornok","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hornok S, Meli ML, Perreten A, Farkas R, Willi B, Beugnet F, et al. Molecular investigation of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) and fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) as potential vectors of rickettsial and mycoplasmal agents. Vet Microbiol. 2010;140:98\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.013.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"6292_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2012.03.015","volume":"93","author":"S Assarasakorn","year":"2012","unstructured":"Assarasakorn S, Veir JK, Hawley JR, Brewer MM, Morris AK, Hill AE, et al. Prevalence of Bartonella species, hemoplasmas, and Rickettsia felis DNA in blood and fleas of cats in Bangkok. Thailand Res Vet Sci. 2012;93:1213\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rvsc.2012.03.015.","journal-title":"Thailand Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"6292_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05436-y","volume":"15","author":"M Madder","year":"2022","unstructured":"Madder M, Day M, Schunack B, Fourie J, Labuschange M, Van Der Westhuizen W, et al. A community approach for pathogens and their arthropod vectors (ticks and fleas) in cats of sub-Saharan Africa. Parasit Vectors. 2022;15:321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-022-05436-y.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6292_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2004.06.013","volume":"102","author":"SE Shaw","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shaw SE, Kenny MJ, Tasker S, Birtles RJ. Pathogen carriage by the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche) in the United Kingdom. Vet Microbiol. 2004;102:183\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2004.06.013.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"6292_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2005.08.003","volume":"8","author":"MR Lappin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lappin MR, Griffin B, Brunt J, Riley A, Burney D, Hawley J, et al. Prevalence of Bartonella species, haemoplasma species, Ehrlichia species, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Neorickettsia risticii DNA in the blood of cats and their fleas in the United States. J Feline Med Surg. 2006;8:85\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfms.2005.08.003.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"6292_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13480985","volume":"15","author":"VL Mart\u00ednez-D\u00edaz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-D\u00edaz VL, Silvestre-Ferreira AC, Vilhena H, Pastor J, Francino O, Altet L. Prevalence and co-infection of haemotropic mycoplasmas in Portuguese cats by real-time polymerase chain reaction. J Feline Med Surg. 2013;15:879\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1098612X13480985.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"6292_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3326-x","volume":"12","author":"S Abdullah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abdullah S, Helps C, Tasker S, Newbury H, Wall R. Pathogens in fleas collected from cats and dogs: Distribution and prevalence in the UK. Parasit Vectors. 2019;12:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3326-x.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6292_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.06.017","volume":"126","author":"IR Peters","year":"2008","unstructured":"Peters IR, Helps CR, Willi B, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Tasker S. The prevalence of three species of feline haemoplasmas in samples submitted to a diagnostics service as determined by three novel real-time duplex PCR assays. Vet Microbiol. 2008;126:142\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.06.017.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"6292_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2019.2553","volume":"20","author":"M Mifsud","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mifsud M, Takacs N, Gyurkovszky M, Solymosi N, Farkas R. Detection of flea-borne pathogens from cats and fleas in a Maltese shelter. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2020;20:529\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/vbz.2019.2553.","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"6292_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101621","volume":"75","author":"N Azrizal-Wahid","year":"2021","unstructured":"Azrizal-Wahid N, Sofian-Azirun M, Low VL. Flea-borne pathogens in the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis and their association with mtDNA diversity of the flea host. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021;75:9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101621.","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"6292_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(03)00044-0","volume":"93","author":"A Criado-Fornelio","year":"2003","unstructured":"Criado-Fornelio A, Martinez-Marcos A, Buling-Sara\u00f1a A, Barba-Carretero JC. Presence of Mycoplasma haemofelis, Mycoplasma haemominutum and piroplasmids in cats from southern Europe: a molecular study. Vet Microbiol. 2003;93:307\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0378-1135(03)00044-0.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"6292_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12959","volume":"69","author":"AAK Zarea","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zarea AAK, Bezerra-Santos MA, Nguyen V, Colella V, Dantas-Torres F, Halos L, et al. Occurrence and bacterial loads of Bartonella and haemotropic Mycoplasma species in privately owned cats and dogs and their fleas from East and Southeast Asia. Zoonoses Public Health. 2022;69:17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/zph.12959.","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"6292_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.021691-0","volume":"59","author":"S Tasker","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tasker S, Peters IR, Mumford AD, Day MJ, Gruffydd-Jones TJ, Day S, et al. Investigation of human haemotropic Mycoplasma infections using a novel generic haemoplasma qPCR assay on blood samples and blood smears. J Med Microbiol. 2010;59:1285\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.021691-0.","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"6292_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2740-9","volume":"11","author":"D D\u00edaz-Rega\u00f1\u00f3n","year":"2018","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-Rega\u00f1\u00f3n D, Villaescusa A, Ayll\u00f3n T, Rodr\u00edguez-Franco F, Garc\u00eda-Sancho M, Agulla B, et al. Epidemiological study of hemotropic Mycoplasmas (hemoplasmas) in cats from central Spain. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11:9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-018-2740-9.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6292_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1590\/s1984-296120180074","volume":"27","author":"AD Munhoz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Munhoz AD, Sim\u00f5es IGPC, Calazans APF, Macedo LS, Cruz RDS, Lacerda LC, et al. Hemotropic mycoplasmas in naturally infected cats in Northeastern Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet. 2018;27:446\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s1984-296120180074.","journal-title":"Rev Bras Parasitol Vet"},{"key":"6292_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2009.09.009","volume":"47","author":"S Tasker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tasker S, Peters IR, Day MJ, Willi B, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Gruffydd-Jones TJ, et al. Distribution of Mycoplasma haemofelis in blood and tissues following experimental infection. Microb Pathog. 2009;47:334\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2009.09.009.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"6292_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2012.05.003","volume":"53","author":"GA Wolf-J\u00e4ckel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wolf-J\u00e4ckel GA, Cattori V, Geret CP, Novacco M, Meli ML, Riond B, et al. Quantification of the humoral immune response and hemoplasma blood and tissue loads in cats coinfected with \u2018Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum\u2019 and feline leukemia virus. Microb Pathog. 2012;53:74\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2012.05.003.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"6292_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2019.01.001","volume":"49","author":"AL Lawrence","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lawrence AL, Webb CE, Clark NJ, Halajian A, Mihalca AD, Miret J, et al. Out-of-Africa, human-mediated dispersal of the common cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis: The hitchhiker\u2019s guide to world domination. Int J Parasitol. 2019;49:321\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpara.2019.01.001.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"6292_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3990-x","volume":"13","author":"MS Latrofa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Latrofa MS, Iatta R, Toniolo F, Furlanello T, Ravagnan S, Capelli G, et al. A molecular survey of vector-borne pathogens and haemoplasmas in owned cats across Italy. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13:116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-020-3990-x.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6292_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.10-0143","volume":"72","author":"M Tanahara","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tanahara M, Miyamoto S, Nishio T, Yoshii Y, Sakuma M, Sakata Y, et al. An epidemiological survey of feline hemoplasma infection in Japan. J Vet Med Sci. 2010;72:1575\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1292\/jvms.10-0143.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"6292_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2694","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268817001601","volume":"145","author":"S Sato","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sato S, Kabeya H, Negishi A, Tsujimoto H, Nishigaki K, Endo Y, et al. Molecular survey of Bartonella henselae and Bartonella clarridgeiae in pet cats across Japan by species-specific nested-PCR. Epidemiol Infect. 2017;145:2694\u2013700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0950268817001601.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"6292_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-62","volume":"7","author":"C Silaghi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Silaghi C, Knaus M, Rapti D, Kusi I, Shukullari E, Hamel D, et al. Survey of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum, haemotropic mycoplasmas and other arthropod-borne pathogens in cats from Albania. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:62. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-3305-7-62.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6292_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2003.12.003","volume":"6","author":"S Tasker","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tasker S, Braddock JA, Baral R, Helps CR, Day MJ, Gruffydd-Jones TJ, et al. Diagnosis of feline haemoplasma infection in Australian cats using a real-time PCR assay. J Feline Med Surg. 2004;6:345\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfms.2003.12.003.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"6292_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.03.011","author":"MR Andr\u00e9","year":"2014","unstructured":"Andr\u00e9 MR, Baccarim Denardi NC, Marques De Sousa KC, Gon\u00e7alves LR, Henrique PC, Grosse Rossi Ontivero CR, et al. Arthropod-borne pathogens circulating in free-roaming domestic cats in a zoo environment in Brazil. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.03.011.","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"6292_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-29612012000300008","volume":"21","author":"CPD Bortoli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bortoli CPD, Andr\u00e9 MR, Seki MC, Pinto AA, Machado SDTZ, Machado RZ. Detection of hemoplasma and Bartonella species and co-infection with retroviruses in cats subjected to a spaying\/neutering program in Jaboticabal, SP. Brazil Rev Bras Parasitol Vet. 2012;21:219\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S1984-29612012000300008.","journal-title":"Brazil Rev Bras Parasitol Vet"},{"key":"6292_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2023.100857","author":"TBD Melo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Melo TBD, Silva TRM, Almeida TLACD, Tutija JF, Silva AOD, Lira MDS, et al. Molecular detection of vector-borne pathogens in cats tested for FIV and FeLV. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vprsr.2023.100857.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports"},{"key":"6292_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2007.08.002","volume":"10","author":"DB Macieira","year":"2008","unstructured":"Macieira DB, De Menezes RDCAA, Damico CB, Almosny NRP, McLane HL, Daggy JK, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for hemoplasmas in domestic cats naturally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus and\/or feline leukemia virus in Rio de Janeiro\u2014Brazil. J Feline Surg Med. 2008;10:120\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfms.2007.08.002.","journal-title":"J Feline Surg Med"},{"key":"6292_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-29612014039","volume":"23","author":"ACGAD Santis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Santis ACGAD, Herrera HM, Sousa KCMD, Gon\u00e7alves LR, Denardi NCB, Domingos IH, et al. Molecular detection of hemotrophic mycoplasmas among domiciled and free-roaming cats in Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet. 2014;23:231\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S1984-29612014039.","journal-title":"Rev Bras Parasitol Vet"},{"key":"6292_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205511692211486","DOI":"10.1177\/20551169221148672","volume":"9","author":"AC Yamakawa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yamakawa AC, Haisi A, Kmetiuk LB, Pellizzaro M, Mendes JCR, Canavessi AMO, et al. Molecular detection of feline hemoplasmas and retroviruses in free-roaming and shelter cats within a university campus. JFMS Open Rep. 2023;9:205511692211486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20551169221148672.","journal-title":"JFMS Open Rep"},{"key":"6292_CR56","first-page":"132","volume":"54","author":"N Gourkow","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gourkow N, Lawson JH, Hamon SC, Phillips CJC. Descriptive epidemiology of upper respiratory disease and associated risk factors in cats in an animal shelter in coastal western Canada. Can Vet J. 2013;54:132\u20138.","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"6292_CR57","first-page":"91","volume":"74","author":"BMD Nibblett","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nibblett BMD, Waldner C, Taylor SM, Jackson ML, Knorr LM, Snead EC. Hemotropic Mycoplasma prevalence in shelter and client-owned cats in Saskatchewan and a comparison of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)\u2014Results from two independent laboratories. Can J Vet Res. 2009;74:91\u20136.","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"key":"6292_CR58","first-page":"979","volume":"52","author":"V Stojanovic","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stojanovic V, Foley P. Infectious disease prevalence in a feral cat population on Prince Edward Island. Canada Can Vet J. 2011;52:979\u201382.","journal-title":"Canada Can Vet J"},{"key":"6292_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2016.03.004","volume":"46","author":"R Walker Vergara","year":"2016","unstructured":"Walker Vergara R, Morera Galleguillos F, G\u00f3mez Jaramillo M, Pereira Almosny NR, Arauna Mart\u00ednez P, Grob Behne P, et al. Prevalence, risk factor analysis, and hematological findings of hemoplasma infection in domestic cats from Valdivia, Southern Chile. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016;46:20\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cimid.2016.03.004.","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"6292_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.20-0681","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Lou Y, Yu Y. Prevalence of hemoplasmas and Bartonella species in client-owned cats in Beijing and Shainghai China. J Vet Med Sci. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1292\/jvms.20-0681.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"6292_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2063-2","volume":"10","author":"C Attipa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Attipa C, Papasouliotis K, Solano-Gallego L, Baneth G, Nachum-Biala Y, Sarvani E, et al. Prevalence study and risk factor analysis of selected bacterial, protozoal, and viral, including vector-borne, pathogens in cats from Cyprus. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10:130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-017-2063-2.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6292_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-016-0260-1","author":"MB Rosenqvist","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rosenqvist MB, Meilstrup A-KH, Larsen J, Olsen JE, Jensen AL, Thomsen LE. Prevalence of feline haemoplasma in cats in Denmark. Acta Vet Scand. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13028-016-0260-1.","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"6292_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.0034.x","volume":"22","author":"JK Levy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Levy JK, Crawford PC, Lappin MR, Dubovi EJ, Levy MG, Alleman R, et al. Infectious diseases of dogs and cats on Isabela Island Galapagos. J Vet Intern Med. 2008;22:60\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.0034.x.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"6292_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2023.106857","author":"AAK Zarea","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zarea AAK, Tempesta M, Fouad EA, Ndiana LA, Mahmoud MS, Mrenoshki D, et al. Prevalence of Bartonella spp., haemotropic Mycoplasma spp. and others vector-borne pathogens in private-owned dogs and cats, Egypt. Acta Trop. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2023.106857.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"6292_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2007.12.004","volume":"10","author":"N Bauer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bauer N, Balzer HJ, Th\u00fcre S, Moritz A. Prevalence of feline haemotropic mycoplasmas in convenience samples of cats in Germany. J Feline Med Surg. 2008;10:252\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfms.2007.12.004.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"6292_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2017.08.013","volume":"9","author":"ME Mylonakis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mylonakis ME, Schreeg M, Chatzis MK, Pearce J, Marr HS, Saridomichelakis MN, et al. Molecular detection of vector-borne pathogens in Greek cats. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2018;9:171\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2017.08.013.","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"6292_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2010.02.004","volume":"12","author":"IE Maher","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maher IE, Tasker S, Polizopoulou Z, Dasopoulou A, Egan K, Helps CR, et al. Polymerase chain reaction survey of feline haemoplasma infections in Greece. J Feline Med Surg. 2010;12:601\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfms.2010.02.004.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"6292_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12166","volume":"43","author":"F Ghazisaeedi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ghazisaeedi F, Atyabi N, Zahrai Salehi T, Gentilini F, Ashrafi Tamai I, Akbarein H, et al. A molecular study of hemotropic mycoplasmas (hemoplasmas) in cats in Iran. Vet Clin Pathol. 2014;43:381\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vcp.12166.","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"6292_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2010.02.003","volume":"12","author":"F Juvet","year":"2010","unstructured":"Juvet F, Lappin MR, Brennan S, Mooney CT. Prevalence of selected infectious agents in cats in Ireland. J Feline Med Surg. 2010;12:476\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfms.2010.02.003.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"6292_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2008.06.008","volume":"11","author":"F Gentilini","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gentilini F, Novacco M, Turba ME, Willi B, Bacci ML, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Use of combined conventional and real-time PCR to determine the epidemiology of feline haemoplasma infections in northern Italy. J Feline Med Surg. 2009;11:277\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfms.2008.06.008.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"6292_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2069-9","volume":"10","author":"S Ravagnan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ravagnan S, Carli E, Piseddu E, Da Rold G, Porcellato E, Zanardello C, et al. Prevalence and molecular characterization of canine and feline hemotropic mycoplasmas (hemoplasmas) in northern Italy. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10:132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-017-2069-9.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6292_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/298352","author":"E Spada","year":"2014","unstructured":"Spada E, Proverbio D, Galluzzo P, Della Pepa A, Bagnagatti De Giorgi G, Perego R, et al. Prevalence of Haemoplasma infections in stray cats in Northern Italy. ISRN Microbiology. 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/298352.","journal-title":"ISRN Microbiology"},{"key":"6292_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.66.1017","volume":"66","author":"H Inokuma","year":"2004","unstructured":"Inokuma H, Taroura S, Okuda M, Hisasue M, Itamoto K, Une S, et al. Molecular survey of Mycoplasma haemofelis and \u2018Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum\u2019 infection in cats in Yamaguchi and surrounding areas. J Vet Med Sci. 2004;66:1017\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1292\/jvms.66.1017.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"6292_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.69.1061","volume":"69","author":"M Fujihara","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fujihara M, Watanabe M, Yamada T, Harasawa R. Occurrence of \u2018Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis\u2019 infection in domestic cats in Japan. J Vet Med Sci. 2007;69:1061\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1292\/jvms.69.1061.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"6292_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13488384","volume":"15","author":"KS Jenkins","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jenkins KS, Dittmer KE, Marshall JC, Tasker S. Prevalence and risk factor analysis of feline haemoplasma infection in New Zealand domestic cats using a real-time PCR assay. J Feline Med Surg. 2013;15:1063\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1098612X13488384.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"6292_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X14550172","volume":"17","author":"A Duarte","year":"2015","unstructured":"Duarte A, Marques V, Correia JHD, Neto I, Br\u00e1z BS, Rodrigues C, et al. Molecular detection of haemotropic Mycoplasma species in urban and rural cats from Portugal. J Feline Med Surg. 2015;17:516\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1098612X14550172.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"6292_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2237-y","volume":"10","author":"AM Alho","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alho AM, Lima C, Latrofa MS, Colella V, Ravagnan S, Capelli G, et al. Molecular detection of vector-borne pathogens in dogs and cats from Qatar. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10:298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-017-2237-y.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6292_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02626-7","volume":"16","author":"M Imre","year":"2020","unstructured":"Imre M, V\u0103duva C, D\u0103r\u0103bu\u0219 G, Morariu S, Herman V, Plutzer J, et al. Molecular detection of hemotropic mycoplasmas (hemoplasmas) in domestic cats (Felis catus) in Romania. BMC Vet Res. 2020;16:399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02626-7.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"6292_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2021.105339","volume":"190","author":"VV Demkin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Demkin VV, Kazakov AA. Prevalence of hemotropic mycoplasmas and coinfection with feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus in cats in the Moscow region, Russia. Prev Vet Med. 2021;190:105339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2021.105339.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"6292_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10010025","volume":"10","author":"AD Alanazi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alanazi AD, Alouffi AS, Alyousif MS, Alshahrani MY, Abdullah HHAM, Abdel-Shafy S, et al. Molecular survey of vector-borne pathogens of dogs and cats in two regions of Saudi Arabia. Pathogens. 2020;10:11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens10010025.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"6292_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X12452495","volume":"14","author":"R Lobetti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lobetti R, Lappin MR. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii, Bartonella species and haemoplasma infection in cats in South Africa. J Feline Med Surg. 2012;14:857\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1098612X12452495.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"6292_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X15587572","volume":"18","author":"J Hwang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hwang J, Gottdenker N, Min M-S, Lee H, Chun M-S. Evaluation of biochemical and haematological parameters and prevalence of selected pathogens in feral cats from urban and rural habitats in South Korea. J Feline Med Surg. 2016;18:443\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1098612X15587572.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"6292_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-05105-6","volume":"15","author":"A \u00c1lvarez-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2022","unstructured":"\u00c1lvarez-Fern\u00e1ndez A, Maggi R, Mart\u00edn-Valls GE, Baxarias M, Breitschwerdt EB, Solano-Gallego L. Prospective serological and molecular cross-sectional study focusing on Bartonella and other blood-borne organisms in cats from Catalonia (Spain). Parasit Vectors. 2022;15:6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-021-05105-6.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6292_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1177\/104063871002200219","volume":"22","author":"X Roura","year":"2010","unstructured":"Roura X, Peters IR, Altet L, Tabar MD, Barker EN, Planellas M, et al. Prevalence of hemotropic mycoplasmas in healthy and unhealthy cats and dogs in Spain. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2010;22:270\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/104063871002200219.","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"6292_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2020.975-980","author":"T Do","year":"2020","unstructured":"Do T, Kamyingkird K, Bui LK, Inpankaew T. Genetic characterization and risk factors for feline hemoplasma infection in semi-domesticated cats in Bangkok, Thailand. Vet World. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14202\/vetworld.2020.975-980.","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"6292_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108765","author":"S Kaewmongkol","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kaewmongkol S, Lakhana N, Sirinarumitr T, Fenwick SG, Kaewmongkol G. Investigation of hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. genotypes in client-owned cats in Thailand. Vet Microbiol. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108765.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"6292_CR87","first-page":"1447","volume":"41","author":"P Suksai","year":"2010","unstructured":"Suksai P, Sangkachai N, Chatsiriwech J, Kanthasaewee O, Sariya L, Chaichoun K. Development of multiplex polymerase chain reaction for detection of feline hemotropic mycoplasma in blood and tissue specimens. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2010;41:1447\u201353.","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"6292_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/ap-2016-0022","author":"H Cetinkaya","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cetinkaya H, Haktanir D, Arun S, Vurusaner C. Molecular detection and prevalence of feline hemotropic mycoplasmas in Istanbul, Turkey. Acta Parasitol. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/ap-2016-0022.","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol"},{"key":"6292_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10091114","volume":"10","author":"MN Muz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Muz MN, Erat S, Mumcuoglu KY. Protozoan and microbial pathogens of house cats in the province of Tekirdag in Western Turkey. Pathogens. 2021;10:1114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens10091114.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"6292_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-103","volume":"8","author":"K Georges","year":"2012","unstructured":"Georges K, Ezeokoli C, Auguste T, Seepersad N, Pottinger A, Sparagano O, et al. A comparison of real-time PCR and reverse line blot hybridization in detecting feline haemoplasmas of domestic cats and an analysis of risk factors associated with haemoplasma infections. BMC Vet Res. 2012;8:103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-6148-8-103.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"6292_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4430","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00987-06","volume":"44","author":"B Willi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Willi B, Tasker S, Boretti FS, Doherr MG, Cattori V, Meli ML, et al. Phylogenetic analysis of \u2018Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis\u2019 isolates from pet cats in the United Kingdom, Australia, and South Africa with analysis of risk factors for infection. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44:4430\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.00987-06.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"6292_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2005.12.002","volume":"8","author":"JM Eberhardt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Eberhardt JM, Neal K, Shackelford T, Lappin MR. Prevalence of selected infectious disease agents in cats from Arizona. J Feline Med Surg. 2006;8:164\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfms.2005.12.002.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"6292_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.05.007","volume":"460\u2013461","author":"JA Beatty","year":"2014","unstructured":"Beatty JA, Troyer RM, Carver S, Barrs VR, Espinasse F, Conradi O, et al. Felis catus gammaherpesvirus 1; a widely endemic potential pathogen of domestic cats. Virology. 2014;460\u2013461:100\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virol.2014.05.007.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"6292_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.238.3.311","volume":"238","author":"JK Levy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Levy JK, Lappin MR, Glaser AL, Birkenheuer AJ, Anderson TC, Edinboro CH. Prevalence of infectious diseases in cats and dogs rescued following Hurricane Katrina. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2011;238:311\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.238.3.311.","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"6292_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2011.03.006","volume":"13","author":"AD Bennett","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bennett AD, Gunn-Moore DA, Brewer M, Lappin MR. Prevalence of Bartonella species, haemoplasmas and Toxoplasma gondii in cats in Scotland. J Feline Med Surg. 2011;13:553\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfms.2011.03.006.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"6292_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiv134","volume":"91","author":"AL Lawrence","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lawrence AL, Hii SF, Chong R, Webb CE, Traub R, Brown G, et al. Evaluation of the bacterial microbiome of two flea species using different DNA-isolation techniques provides insights into flea host ecology. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2015;91:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femsec\/fiv134.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol"},{"key":"6292_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X16658317","volume":"19","author":"KL Reagan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Reagan KL, Clarke LL, Hawley JR, Lin P, Lappin MR. Assessment of the ability of Aedes species mosquitoes to transmit feline Mycoplasma haemofelis and \u2018Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum\u2019. J Feline Med Surg. 2017;19:798\u2013802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1098612X16658317.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"6292_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2009.11.005","volume":"88","author":"MG Pennisi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pennisi MG, La Camera E, Giacobbe L, Orlandella BM, Lentini V, Zummo S, et al. Molecular detection of Bartonella henselae and Bartonella clarridgeiae in clinical samples of pet cats from Southern Italy. Res Vet Sci. 2010;88:379\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rvsc.2009.11.005.","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"6292_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2007.12.007","volume":"10","author":"RS Dean","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dean RS, Helps CR, Jones TJG, Tasker S. Use of real-time PCR to detect Mycoplasma haemofelis and \u2018Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum\u2019 in the saliva and salivary glands of haemoplasma-infected cats. J Feline Med Surg. 2008;10:413\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfms.2007.12.007.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"6292_CR100","first-page":"164","volume":"19","author":"JC Flint","year":"1958","unstructured":"Flint JC, Roepke MH, Jensen R. Feline infectious anemia. I. clinical aspects. Am J Vet Res. 1958;19:164\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06536-7","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730246400000}}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06292-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06292-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06292-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T10:42:08Z","timestamp":1788172928000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06292-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6292"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06292-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 April 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 May 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 August 2026","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Following original publication, Additional file 2 has been updated; please be referred to the current version of the file","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 October 2024","order":8,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":9,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":10,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06536-7","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06536-7","order":11,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"N\/A","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"N\/A.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"In conjunction with S. Sontakke and North Carolina State University, EBB holds US Patent No. 7,115,384 Media and Methods for Cultivation of Microorganisms, which was issued on October 3, 2006, and also co-founder, shareholder, and Chief Scientific Officer for Galaxy Diagnostics, a company that provides advanced diagnostic testing for the detection of\n                      Bartonella\n                      spp. infections. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential competing of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"209"}}