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Recent estimates suggest that <jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic> infects over half a billion people, with chronic infections leading to reduced growth and cognitive ability. Ascariasis affects innumerable pigs worldwide and is known to reduce production yields via decreased growth and condemnation of livers. The predominant anthelminthic drugs used to treat ascariasis are the benzimidazoles. Benzimidazoles interact with \u03b2-tubulins and block their function, and several benzimidazole resistance-associated mutations have been described in the \u03b2-tubulins of ruminant nematodes. Recent research on ascarids has shown that these canonical benzimidazole resistance-associated mutations are likely not present in the \u03b2-tubulins of <jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Ascaridia<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>Parascaris<\/jats:italic>, even in phenotypically resistant populations.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To further determine the putative absence of key \u03b2-tubulin polymorphisms, we screened two \u03b2-tubulin isotypes of <jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic>, highly expressed in adult worms. Using adult and egg samples of <jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic> obtained from pigs and humans worldwide, we performed deep amplicon sequencing to look for canonical resistance-associated mutations in <jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic> \u03b2-tubulins. Subsequently, we examined these data in closer detail to study the population dynamics of <jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic> and genetic diversity within the two isotypes and tested whether genotypes appeared to partition across human and pig hosts.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In the 187 isolates, 69 genotypes were found, made up of eight haplotypes of \u03b2-tubulin isotype A and 20 haplotypes of isotype B. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were seen at 14 and 37 positions for \u03b2-tubulin isotype A and isotype B, respectively. No evidence of any canonical benzimidazole resistance-associated mutations was found in either human- or pig-derived <jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic> isolates. There was, however, a difference in the genetic diversity of each isotype and distribution of \u03b2-tubulin genotypes between human- and pig-derived <jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic>. Statistical tests of population differentiation show significant differences (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) between pig- and human-derived worms; however, more diversity was seen between worms from different populations than worms from different hosts.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our work suggests an absence of canonical \u03b2-tubulin mutations within <jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic>, but alternative modes of anthelminthic resistance may emerge necessitating continued genetic scrutiny alongside monitoring of drug efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06306-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T12:01:27Z","timestamp":1715860887000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Worldwide absence of canonical benzimidazole resistance-associated mutations within \u03b2-tubulin genes from Ascaris"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ben P.","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kezia","family":"Kozel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen Jethro I.","family":"Alonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kennesa Klariz R.","family":"Llanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Juh\u00e1sz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umer","family":"Chaudhry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Roose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Geldhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Vicente Y.","family":"Belizario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Nejsum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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Written informed consent was obtained from farmers providing faeces from their pigs. Adult <i>Ascaris<\/i> from Trento and Bunawan in the Philippines were collected from the intestines of pigs post-slaughter as part of the \u201cZoonotic transmission of intestinal parasites: Implications for control and elimination\u201d study []. Ethical approval for this study was given by the University of Surrey Ethics Committee (UEC 2019 049), University of Philippines Manila Research Ethics Board (UPMREB 2019\u2013084\u201301) and the Animal Care and Use Committee of University of Philippines Los Ba\u00f1os (CAS-2018\u2013020). The study also conformed with the ethics and good practice of the Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Board of the University of Surrey (OUT036). <i>Ascaris<\/i> samples from Hungary were obtained from the intestines of pigs by an official veterinarian from abattoirs in Hungary post-slaughter. Information on ethical considerations for other <i>Ascaris<\/i> DNA samples used can be found in the original published studies (see references in Table\u00a0).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"225"}}