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Control of these outbreaks relies on vector control, commonly in the form of insecticide sprays that target adult female mosquitoes. However, the spatial coverage and frequency of sprays needed to optimize effectiveness are unclear. In this study, we characterize the effect of ultra-low-volume (ULV) indoor spraying of pyrethroid insecticides on\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      abundance within households. We also evaluate the effects of spray events during recent time periods or in neighboring households. Improved understanding of the duration and distance of the impact of a spray intervention on\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      populations can inform vector control interventions, in addition to modeling efforts that contrast vector control strategies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This project analyzes data from two large-scale experiments that involved six cycles of indoor pyrethroid spray applications in 2 years in the Amazonian city of Iquitos, Peru. We developed spatial multi-level models to disentangle the reduction in\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      abundance that resulted from (i) recent ULV treatment within households and (ii) ULV treatment of adjacent or nearby households. We compared fits of models across a range of candidate weighting schemes for the spray effect, based on different temporal and spatial decay functions to understand lagged ULV effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our results suggested that the reduction of\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      in a household was mainly due to spray events occurring within the same household, with no additional effect of sprays that occurred in neighboring households. Effectiveness of a spray intervention should be measured based on time since the most recent spray event, as we found no cumulative effect of sequential sprays. Based on our model, we estimated the spray effect is reduced by 50% approximately 28\u00a0days after the spray event.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The reduction of\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      in a household was mainly determined by the number of days since the last spray intervention in that same household, highlighting the importance of spray coverage in high-risk areas with a spray frequency determined by local viral transmission dynamics.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06308-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T07:14:21Z","timestamp":1718090061000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Spatial and temporal analysis on the impact of ultra-low volume indoor insecticide spraying on Aedes aegypti household density"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Anna B.","family":"Kawiecki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy C.","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"6308_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-38.3.411","volume":"38","author":"LC Harrington","year":"2001","unstructured":"Harrington LC, Edman JD, Scott TW. 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The original study protocol was approved by the Naval Medical Research Unit Six Institutional Review Board (Protocol #NAMRU6.2013.0001), which included Peruvian representation, and adhered to both US Federal and Peruvian regulations governing the protection of human subjects. IRB authorization agreements were established between the Naval Medical Research Unit Six and the University of California at Davis and North Carolina State University. The protocol underwent review and approval by the Loreto Regional Health Department, responsible for overseeing health research in Iquitos. Consent from adult household members was obtained without written documentation. Prior to the initial pre-intervention surveys, participants received written informational sheets outlining the study goals, procedures and experiment design. At each adult survey or spray application visit, permission to enter households was requested and provided.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Does not apply.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"254"}}