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This study presents the first large-scale survey of the genetic and phenotypic expression of insecticide resistance in <jats:italic>An.\u00a0funestus<\/jats:italic> populations in Tanzania.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We performed insecticide susceptibility bioassays on <jats:italic>An.\u00a0funestus<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes in nine regions with moderate-to-high malaria prevalence in Tanzania, followed by genotyping for resistance-associated mutations (<jats:italic>CYP6P9a, CYP6P9b, L119F-GSTe2<\/jats:italic>) and structural variants (SV4.3\u00a0kb, SV6.5\u00a0kb). Generalized linear models were used to assess relationships between genetic markers and phenotypic resistance. An interactive R Shiny tool was created to visualize the data and support evidence-based interventions.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Pyrethroid resistance was universal but reversible by piperonyl-butoxide (PBO). However, carbamate resistance was observed in only five of the nine districts, and dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) resistance was found only in the Kilombero valley, south-eastern Tanzania. Conversely, there was universal susceptibility to the organophosphate pirimiphos-methyl in all sites. Genetic markers of resistance had distinct geographical patterns, with <jats:italic>CYP6P9a<\/jats:italic>-R and <jats:italic>CYP6P9b<\/jats:italic>-R alleles, and the SV6.5\u00a0kb structural variant absent or undetectable in the north-west but prevalent in all other sites, while SV4.3\u00a0kb was prevalent in the north-western and western regions but absent elsewhere. Emergent <jats:italic>L119F-GSTe2<\/jats:italic>, associated with deltamethrin resistance, was detected in heterozygous form in districts bordering Mozambique, Malawi and the Democratic Republic of Congo. The resistance landscape was most complex in western Tanzania, in Tanganyika district, where all five genetic markers were detected. There was a notable south-to-north spread of resistance genes, especially <jats:italic>CYP6P9a<\/jats:italic>-R, though this appears to be interrupted, possibly by the Rift Valley.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study underscores the need to expand resistance monitoring to include <jats:italic>An.\u00a0funestus<\/jats:italic> alongside other vector species, and to screen for both the genetic and phenotypic signatures of resistance. The findings can be visualized online via an interactive user interface and could inform data-driven decision-making for resistance management and vector control. Since this was the first large-scale survey of resistance in Tanzania\u2019s <jats:italic>An.\u00a0funestus<\/jats:italic>, we recommend regular updates with greater geographical and temporal coverage.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06315-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T11:03:09Z","timestamp":1715943789000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Genetic markers associated with the widespread insecticide resistance in malaria vector Anopheles funestus populations across Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Joel O.","family":"Odero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismail H.","family":"Nambunga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Masalu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustav","family":"Mkandawile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamis","family":"Bwanary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel E.","family":"Hape","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rukiyah M.","family":"Njalambaha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Tungu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halfan S.","family":"Ngowo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel W.","family":"Kaindoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salum A.","family":"Mapua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Najat F.","family":"Kahamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Nelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Wondji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizette L.","family":"Koekemoer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Weetman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather M.","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Baldini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fredros O.","family":"Okumu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"6315_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007831","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007831","volume":"14","author":"AL Wilson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilson AL, Courtenay O, Kelly-Hope LA, Scott TW, Takken W, Torr SJ, et\u00a0al. 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