{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]],"date-time":"2024-08-15T16:30:32Z","timestamp":1723739432170},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"USDA-ARS Cooperative Agreement","award":["58-3091-9-014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["58-3091-9-014"]}]},{"name":"USDA National Institute for Food and Agriculture Hatch Project","award":["1019784"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1019784"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Bovine babesiosis is caused by infection with the protozoal parasite <jats:italic>Babesia\u00a0bovis<\/jats:italic>, which is transmitted by <jats:italic>Rhipicephalus<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Boophilus<\/jats:italic>) spp. It can cause mortality rates up to 90% in immunologically naive <jats:italic>Bos\u00a0taurus<\/jats:italic> cattle. In south Texas, <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>. (<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.) <jats:italic>microplus<\/jats:italic> is known to infest nilgai antelope (<jats:italic>Boselaphus\u00a0tragocamelus<\/jats:italic>); however, their susceptibility to infection with <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>bovis<\/jats:italic> and their role in the transmission of the parasite remain unknown. In this study, we challenged nilgai antelope with <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>bovis<\/jats:italic> and evaluated their susceptibility to infection.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Nilgai were needle inoculated with \u224810<jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>bovis<\/jats:italic>-parasitized erythrocytes (merozoites) or a homogenate of <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>bovis<\/jats:italic>-infected larval ticks (sporozoite) delivered intravenously. <jats:italic>Bos\u00a0taurus<\/jats:italic> beef calves were inoculated in parallel, as this strain of <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>bovis<\/jats:italic> is lethal to cattle. Temperature and hematocrit were monitored daily over the course of each study, and whole blood was collected for molecular [polymerase chain reaction (PCR)] and serological [indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)] diagnostic evaluation. Histological sections of nilgai cerebral tissue were examined for evidence of infection. Recipient bovine calves were sub-inoculated with blood from nilgai challenged with either stage of the parasite, and they were monitored for clinical signs of infection and evaluated by a PCR diagnostic assay. Red blood cells (RBCs) from prechallenged nilgai and <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>taurus<\/jats:italic> beef cattle were cultured with an in vitro <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>bovis<\/jats:italic> merozoite culture to examine colonization of the RBCs by the parasite.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Nilgai did not display clinical signs of infection upon inoculation with either the merozoite or sporozoite stage of <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>bovis<\/jats:italic>. All nilgai were PCR-negative for the parasite, and they did not develop antibodies to <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>bovis<\/jats:italic>. No evidence of infection was detected in histological sections of nilgai tissues, and in vitro culture analysis indicated that the nilgai RBCs were not colonized by <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>bovis<\/jats:italic> merozoites. Cattle subinoculated with blood from challenged nilgai did not display clinical signs of infection, and they were PCR-negative up to 45\u00a0days after transfer.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Nilgai do not appear to be susceptible to infection with a strain of <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>bovis<\/jats:italic> that is lethal to cattle. Tick control on these alternative hosts remains a critical priority, especially given their potential to disseminate ticks over long distances.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06316-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T17:01:49Z","timestamp":1717261309000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Nilgai antelope display no signs of infection upon experimental challenge with a virulent Babesia\u00a0bovis strain"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Tammi L.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelly A.","family":"Persinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naomi S.","family":"Taus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara K.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen C.","family":"Poh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lowell S.","family":"Kappmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob M.","family":"Laughery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jana\u00edna","family":"Capelli-Peixoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimberly H.","family":"Lohmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massaro W.","family":"Ueti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pia U.","family":"Olafson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"6316_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168649","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1168649","volume":"10","author":"A Kappes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kappes A, Tozooneyi T, Shakil G, Railey AF, McIntyre KM, Mayberry DE, et\u00a0al. 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