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Diseases, poor management, illegal hunting, and habitat destruction are serious threats to the survival of bear populations. However, studies on the impact of diseases on bear populations are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to establish a database of the hematological and plasma profiles of free-ranging Formosan black bears and investigate the occurrence of ectoparasites, blood parasites, and vector-borne pathogens.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Formosan black bears were captured in Yushan National Park (YNP) and Daxueshan Forest Recreation Area (DSY) in Taiwan. Blood samples were collected from each bear for hematological analysis and plasma biochemistry using a hematology analyzer. Parasites and pathogens were detected using a thin blood smear with Wright\u2013Giemsa staining and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Additionally, macroscopic ectoparasites were collected from bears to detect blood parasites and other pathogens. Moreover, the relationships between the bear variables (sex, age, and occurrence of parasites or pathogens), ectoparasites, and infectious agents were also analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In all, 21 wild bears (14 in YNP and 7 in DSY) were captured and released during the satellite tracking studies. Hematological analysis and plasma biochemistry indicated significant differences in white blood cells (WBC), segments, creatine kinase (CK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels between foot snare and culvert-captured bears. Additionally, there were significant differences in total plasma protein (TPP), creatinine, Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>, Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>, and K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> levels between male and female bears. Moreover, pathogen-infected bears had significantly higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR; 30\u00a0min and 1\u00a0h) and globulin levels than uninfected bears. In total, 240 ticks were collected from 13 bears, among which eight adult tick species were identified, including <jats:italic>Haemaphysalis\u00a0flava<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Haemaphysalis\u00a0hystricis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Amblyomma\u00a0testudinarium<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Ixodes\u00a0ovatus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Dermacentor\u00a0taiwanensis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Haemaphysalis\u00a0longicornis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Ixodes\u00a0acutitarsus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Amblyomma\u00a0javanense<\/jats:italic>, and nymphs belonging to <jats:italic>Haemaphysalis<\/jats:italic> spp. PCR revealed that 13 (61.90%) and 8 (38.10%) bears harbored <jats:italic>Hepatozoon\u00a0ursi<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic> DNA, respectively. Among the ticks examined, 157 (65.41%) and 128 (53.33%) samples were positive for <jats:italic>H.\u00a0ursi<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to establish a database of the hematological and plasma profiles of wild Formosan black bears and investigate ectoparasite infestation and <jats:italic>Hepatozoon<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic> spp. infection. In conclusion, these findings may serve as a reference for monitoring the health and population of locally endangered bears.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06320-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T06:02:03Z","timestamp":1716876123000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Hematological and plasma profiles and ticks and tick-borne pathogens in wild Formosan black bears (Ursus\u00a0thibetanus\u00a0formosanus)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yi-Lun","family":"Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wittawat","family":"Wechtaisong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting-Rong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Hao","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pin-Huan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei-Hsiu","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"6320_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2004.00450.x","volume":"18","author":"JM Roberge","year":"2004","unstructured":"Roberge JM, Angelstam P. 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