{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T19:41:53Z","timestamp":1785354113388,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717632000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000202","name":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["F15AC00393"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F15AC00393"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000202","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007263","name":"Virginia Tech","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007263","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p> Sarcoptic mange is a skin disease caused by the contagious ectoparasite <jats:italic>Sarcoptes scabiei<\/jats:italic>, capable of suppressing and extirpating wild canid populations. Starting in 2015, we observed a multi-year epizootic of sarcoptic mange affecting a red fox (<jats:italic>Vulpes vulpes<\/jats:italic>) population on Fire Island, NY, USA. We explored the ecological factors that contributed to the spread of sarcoptic mange and characterized the epizootic in a landscape where red foxes are geographically constrained.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We tested for the presence of <jats:italic>S. scabiei<\/jats:italic> DNA in skin samples collected from deceased red foxes with lesions visibly consistent with sarcoptic mange disease. We deployed 96\u2013100 remote trail camera stations each year to capture red fox occurrences and used generalized linear mixed-effects models to assess the affects of red fox ecology, human and other wildlife activity, and island geography on the frequency of detecting diseased red foxes. We rated the extent of visual lesions in diseased individuals and mapped the severity and variability of the sarcoptic mange disease.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Skin samples that we analyzed demonstrated 99.8% similarity to <jats:italic>S. scabiei<\/jats:italic> sequences in GenBank. Our top-ranked model (weight\u2009=\u20090.94) showed that diseased red foxes were detected more frequently close to roadways, close to territories of other diseased red foxes, away from human shelters, and in areas with more mammal activity. There was no evidence that detection rates in humans and their dogs or distance to the nearest red fox den explained the detection rates of diseased red foxes. Although detected infrequently, we observed the most severe signs of sarcoptic mange at the periphery of residential villages. The spread of visual signs of the disease was approximately 7.3\u00a0ha\/week in 2015 and 12.1\u00a0ha\/week in 2017.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We quantified two separate outbreaks of sarcoptic mange disease that occurred\u2009&gt;\u200940\u00a0km apart and were separated by a year.     Sarcoptic mange revealed an unfettered spread across the red fox population. The transmission of <jats:italic>S. scabiei<\/jats:italic> mites in this system was likely driven by red fox behaviors and contact between individuals, in line with previous studies. Sarcoptic mange is likely an important contributor to red fox population dynamics within barrier island systems.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06330-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T13:01:50Z","timestamp":1717678910000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Epidemiology of sarcoptic mange in a geographically constrained insular red fox population"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Christy N.","family":"Wails","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire C.","family":"Helmke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen M.","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Ramirez-Barrios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Karpanty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel H.","family":"Catlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James D.","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"6330_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06364.x","volume":"1230","author":"RW Currier","year":"2011","unstructured":"Currier RW, Walton SF, Currie BJ. Scabies in animals and humans: history, evolutionary perspectives, and modern clinical management. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2011;1230:E50\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06364.x.","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"6330_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2019.06.003","volume":"9","author":"KD Niedringhaus","year":"2019","unstructured":"Niedringhaus KD, Brown JD, Sweeley KM, Yabsley MJ. A review of sarcoptic mange in North American wildlife. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. 2019;9:285\u201397.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2019.06.003.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl"},{"key":"6330_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03547665","volume":"36","author":"S Bornstein","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bornstein S, Zakrisson G, Thebo P. Clinical picture and antibody response to experimental Sarcoptes scabiei var. vulpes infection in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Acta Vet Scand. 1995;36:509\u201319.","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"6330_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.152.4.112","volume":"152","author":"P Bates","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bates P. Sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei var vulpes) in a red fox (Vulpes vulpes) population in north-west Surrey. Vet Rec. 2003;152:112\u20134.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"6330_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.21.2.1335","volume":"21","author":"DB Pence","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pence DB, Ueckermann E. Sarcoptic mange in wildlife. Rev Sci Tech. 2002;21:385\u201398.","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech"},{"key":"6330_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wlb3.01014","author":"T Willebrand","year":"2022","unstructured":"Willebrand T, Samelius G, Walton Z, Odden M, Englund J. Declining survival rates of red foxes Vulpes vulpes during the first outbreak of sarcoptic mange in Sweden. Wildlife Biol. 2022;e01014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wlb3.01014.","journal-title":"Wildlife Biol"},{"key":"6330_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1999.1285","volume":"59","author":"PJ Baker","year":"2000","unstructured":"Baker PJ, Funk SM, Harris S, White PCL. Flexible spatial organization of urban foxes, Vulpes vulpes, before and during an outbreak of sarcoptic mange. Anim Behav. 2000;59:127\u201346.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/anbe.1999.1285.","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"6330_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2907.2007.00100.x","volume":"37","author":"CD Soulsbury","year":"2007","unstructured":"Soulsbury CD, Iossa G, Baker PJ, Cole NC, Funk SM, Harris S. The impact of sarcoptic mange Sarcoptes scabiei on the British fox Vulpes vulpes population. Mamm Rev. 2007;37:278\u201396.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2907.2007.00100.x.","journal-title":"Mamm Rev"},{"key":"6330_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3015-1","volume":"11","author":"F Astorga","year":"2018","unstructured":"Astorga F, Carver S, Almberg ES, Sousa GR, Wingfield K, Niedringhaus KD, et al. International meeting on sarcoptic mange in wildlife, June 2018, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11:449.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6330_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14082","author":"LE Escobar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Escobar LE, Carver S, Cross PC, Rossi L, Almberg ES, Yabsley MJ, et al. Sarcoptic mange: an emerging panzootic in wildlife. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2022;69:927\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tbed.14082.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"6330_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470377000.ch5","volume-title":"Parasitic diseases of wild mammals","author":"S Bornstein","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bornstein S, M\u00f6rner T, Samuel WM. Sarcoptes scabiei and sarcoptic mange (2nd ed). In: Samuel WM, Pybus MJ, Kocan AA, editors. Parasitic diseases of wild mammals. Ames: Iowa State University Press; 2001. p. 107\u201319."},{"key":"6330_CR12","first-page":"130","volume":"55","author":"MF Knowles","year":"1909","unstructured":"Knowles MF. Mange in coyotes. Breeder\u2019s Gazette. 1909;55:130.","journal-title":"Breeder's Gazette"},{"key":"6330_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.2307\/3280873","volume":"69","author":"DB Pence","year":"1983","unstructured":"Pence DB, Windberg LA, Pence BC, Sprowls R. The epizootiology and pathology of sarcoptic mange in coyotes, Canis latrans, from south Texas. J Parasitol. 1983;69:1100\u201315.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3280873.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"6330_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1071","volume":"267","author":"MC Forchhammer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Forchhammer MC, Asferg T. Invading parasites cause a structural shift in red fox dynamics. Proc R Soc Lond B. 2000;267:779\u201386.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2000.1071.","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B"},{"key":"6330_CR15","first-page":"211","volume":"40","author":"E Lindstr\u00f6m","year":"1985","unstructured":"Lindstr\u00f6m E, M\u00f6rner T. The spreading of sarcoptic mange among Swedish red foxes (Vulpes vulpes L.) in relation to fox population dynamics. Rev Ecol. 1985;40:211\u20136.","journal-title":"Rev Ecol"},{"key":"6330_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.1996.9522906","volume":"8","author":"P Cavallini","year":"1996","unstructured":"Cavallini P. Variation in the social system of the red fox. Ethol Ecol Evol. 1996;8:323\u201342.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08927014.1996.9522906.","journal-title":"Ethol Ecol Evol"},{"key":"6330_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1644\/09-MAMM-A-187.1","volume":"92","author":"CD Soulsbury","year":"2011","unstructured":"Soulsbury CD, Iossa G, Baker PJ, White PCL, Harris S. Behavioral and spatial analysis of extraterritorial movements in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). J Mammal. 2011;92:190\u20139.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1644\/09-MAMM-A-187.1.","journal-title":"J Mammal"},{"key":"6330_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3762-7","volume":"12","author":"SRR Pisano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pisano SRR, Zimmermann F, Rossi L, Capt S, Akdesir E, B\u00fcrki R, et al. Spatiotemporal spread of sarcoptic mange in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Switzerland over more than 60 years: lessons learnt from comparative analysis of multiple surveillance tools. Parasit Vectors. 2019;12:521.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3762-7.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6330_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/2019-02-035","author":"AI Loredo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Loredo AI, Rudd JL, Foley JE, Clifford DL, Cypher BL. Climatic suitability of San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica) dens for sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei) transmission. J Wildl Dis. 2020;56:126\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/2019-02-035.","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"6330_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(84)70151-4","volume":"11","author":"LG Arlian","year":"1984","unstructured":"Arlian LG, Runyan RA, Achar S, Estes SA. Survival and infestivity of Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis and var. hominis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1984;11:210\u20135.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0190-9622(84)70151-4.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"6330_CR21","unstructured":"Gerasimov Y. Mange in wild foxes. Translation of Russian Game Reports. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Canadian Department of Northern Affairs National Resources; 1958. p. 1\u20135."},{"key":"6330_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2019.01.001","volume":"27","author":"D Montecino-Latorre","year":"2019","unstructured":"Montecino-Latorre D, Cypher BL, Rudd JL, Clifford DL, Mazet JAK, Foley JE. Assessing the role of dens in the spread, establishment and persistence of sarcoptic mange in an endangered canid. Epidemics. 2019;27:28\u201340.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.epidem.2019.01.001.","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"6330_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2021.08.003","volume":"16","author":"E Browne","year":"2021","unstructured":"Browne E, Driessen MM, Ross R, Roach M, Carver S. Environmental suitability of bare-nosed wombat burrows for Sarcoptes scabiei. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. 2021;16:37\u201347.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2021.08.003.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl"},{"key":"6330_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0176200","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176200","volume":"12","author":"D Carricondo-Sanchez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carricondo-Sanchez D, Odden M, Linnell JDC, Odden J. The range of the mange: spatiotemporal patterns of sarcoptic mange in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) as revealed by camera trapping. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0176200.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0176200.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"6330_CR25","first-page":"1","volume":"19","author":"WB Stone","year":"1972","unstructured":"Stone WB, Parks E, Weber BL, Parks FJ. Experimental transfer of sarcoptic mange from red foxes and wild canids to captive wildlife and domestic animals. NY Fish Game J. 1972;19:1\u201311.","journal-title":"NY Fish Game J"},{"key":"6330_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1139\/z01-216","volume":"80","author":"TJ Newman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Newman TJ, Baker PJ, Harris S. Nutritional condition and survival of red foxes with sarcoptic mange. Can J Zool. 2002;80:154\u201361.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/z01-216.","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"key":"6330_CR27","first-page":"12","volume":"76","author":"P Henriksen","year":"1993","unstructured":"Henriksen P, Dietz HH, Henriksen SA, Gjelstrup P. Sarcoptic mange in red fox in Denmark. A short report. Dansk Veterin\u00e4rtidskrift. 1993;76:12\u20133.","journal-title":"Dansk Veterin\u00e4rtidskrift"},{"key":"6330_CR28","volume-title":"Red fox ecology and interactions with piping plovers on fire Island","author":"KM Black","year":"2021","unstructured":"Black KM. Red fox ecology and interactions with piping plovers on Fire Island, New York. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Tech; 2021."},{"key":"6330_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1420","DOI":"10.1002\/wsb.1420","volume":"47","author":"KM Black","year":"2023","unstructured":"Black KM, Karpanty SM, Robinson SG, Bellman HA, Walker KM, Catlin DH, et al. Using GPS location data to assess red fox responses to predator exclosure setup and hatching at shorebird nests. Wildl Soc Bull. 2023;47:e1420.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wsb.1420.","journal-title":"Wildl Soc Bull"},{"key":"6330_CR30","unstructured":"Klopfer SD, Olivero A, Sneddon L, Lundgren J: NPS vegetation mapping project at Fire Island National Seashore. Conservation Management Institute. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Tech; 2002."},{"key":"6330_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hapke CJ, Brenner O, Hehre R, Reynolds BJ: Coastal change from Hurricane Sandy and the 2012\u201313 winter storm season: Fire Island, New York. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey; 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3133\/ofr20131231.","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr20131231"},{"key":"6330_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.7589\/2017-06-148","volume":"54","author":"SK Peltier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Peltier SK, Brown JD, Ternent MA, Fenton H, Niedringhaus KD, Yabsley MJ. Assays for detection and identification of the causative agent of mange in free-ranging black bears (Ursus americanus). J Wildl Dis. 2018;54:471\u20139.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/2017-06-148.","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"6330_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(99)00034-X","volume":"29","author":"M Zahler","year":"1999","unstructured":"Zahler M, Essig A, Gothe R, Rinder H. Molecular analyses suggest monospecificity of the genus Sarcoptes (Acari: Sarcoptidae). Int J Parasitol. 1999;29:759\u201366.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0020-7519(99)00034-X.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"6330_CR34","volume-title":"Camera trapping for wildlife research","author":"F Rovero","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rovero F, Zimmermann F. Camera trapping for wildlife research. Exeter, UK: Pelagic Publishing Ltd; 2016."},{"key":"6330_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2012.02207.x","volume":"49","author":"LA Brook","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brook LA, Johnson CN, Ritchie EG. Effects of predator control on behaviour of an apex predator and indirect consequences for mesopredator suppression. J Anim Ecol. 2012;49:1278\u201386.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2012.02207.x.","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol"},{"key":"6330_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9408","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.9408","volume":"12","author":"C Peral","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peral C, Landman M, Kerley GIH. The inappropriate use of time-to-independence biases estimates of activity patterns of free-ranging mammals derived from camera traps. Ecol Evol. 2022;12:e9408.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.9408.","journal-title":"Ecol Evol"},{"key":"6330_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02771","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.2771","volume":"10","author":"KM Walker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Walker KM, Fraser JD, Catlin DH, Ritter SJ, Robinson SG, Bellman HA, et al. Hurricane Sandy and engineered response created habitat for a threatened shorebird. Ecosphere. 2019;10:e02771.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ecs2.2771.","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"6330_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e03870","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.3870","volume":"12","author":"SG Robinson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Robinson SG, Bellman HA, Walker KM, Catlin DH, Karpanty SM, Ritter SJ, et al. Adult piping plover habitat selection varies by behavior. Ecosphere. 2021;12:e03870.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ecs2.3870.","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"6330_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066","volume":"9","author":"ME Brooks","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brooks ME, Kristensen K, van Benthem KJ, Magnusson A, Berg CW, Nielsen A, et al. glmmTMB balances speed and flexibility among packages for zero-inflated generalized linear mixed modeling. R J. 2017;9:378\u2013400.","journal-title":"R J"},{"key":"6330_CR40","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2022","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2022."},{"key":"6330_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.7589\/2016-08-180","volume":"53","author":"K Brewster","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brewster K, Henke SE, Hilton C, Ortega-S A. Use of remote cameras to monitor the potential prevalence of sarcoptic mange in southern Texas, USA. J Wildl Dis. 2017;53:377\u201381.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/2016-08-180.","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis."},{"key":"6330_CR42","first-page":"18","volume":"26","author":"V Kontos","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kontos V, Sotiraki S, Himonas C. Two rare disorders in the cat: demodectic otitis externa and sarcoptic mange. Feline Pract. 1998;26:18\u201320.","journal-title":"Feline Pract"},{"key":"6330_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-40.2.347","volume":"40","author":"SD Fitzgerald","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fitzgerald SD, Cooley TM, Murphy A, Cosgrove MK, King BA. Sarcoptic mange in raccoons in Michigan. J Wildl Dis. 2004;40:347\u201350.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/0090-3558-40.2.347.","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"6330_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-17.3.343","volume":"17","author":"WM Samuel","year":"1981","unstructured":"Samuel WM. Attempted experimental transfer of sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei, Acarina: Sarcoptidae) among red fox, coyote, wolf and dog. J Wildl Dis. 1981;17:343\u20137.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/0090-3558-17.3.343.","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"6330_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3107","volume":"27","author":"A Gelman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gelman A. Scaling regression inputs by dividing by two standard deviations. Stat Med. 2008;27:2865\u201373.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sim.3107.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"6330_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2008.10.008","volume":"24","author":"BM Bolker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bolker BM, Brooks ME, Clark CJ, Geange SW, Poulsen JR, Stevens MHH, et al. Generalized linear mixed models: a practical guide for ecology and evolution. Trends Ecol Evol. 2009;24:127\u201335.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tree.2008.10.008.","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"6330_CR47","unstructured":"Hartig F: DHARMa: Residual diagnostics for hierarchical (multi-level\/mixed) regression models. R package version 0.4.6. 2022."},{"key":"6330_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705","volume":"19","author":"H Akaike","year":"1974","unstructured":"Akaike H. A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Trans Automat Contr. 1974;19:716\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Automat Contr"},{"key":"6330_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/76.2.297","volume":"76","author":"CM Hurvich","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hurvich CM, Tsai C-L. Regression and time series model selection in small samples. Biometrika. 1989;76:297\u2013307.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biomet\/76.2.297.","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"6330_CR50","volume-title":"Model selection and multimodel inference: A practical information-theoretic approach","author":"KP Burnham","year":"2002","unstructured":"Burnham KP, Anderson DR. Model selection and multimodel inference: A practical information-theoretic approach. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 2002."},{"key":"6330_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2003.10.013","volume":"19","author":"JB Johnson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Johnson JB, Omland KS. Model selection in ecology and evolution. Trends Ecol Evol. 2004;19:101\u20138.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tree.2003.10.013.","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"6330_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2006.03.017","volume":"197","author":"C Calenge","year":"2016","unstructured":"Calenge C. The package adehabitat for the R software: a tool for the analysis of space and habitat use by animals. Ecol Modell. 2016;197:516\u20139.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2006.03.017.","journal-title":"Ecol Modell"},{"key":"6330_CR53","volume-title":"Sarcoptic mange and the demography of the red fox, Vulpes vulpes","author":"ES Devenish-Nelson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Devenish-Nelson ES. Sarcoptic mange and the demography of the red fox, Vulpes vulpes. Durham, UK: Durham University; 2012."},{"key":"6330_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20140524","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2014.0524","volume":"10","author":"ES Devenish-Nelson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Devenish-Nelson ES, Richards SA, Harris S, Soulsbury C, Stephens PA. Demonstrating frequency-dependent transmission of sarcoptic mange in red foxes. Biol Lett. 2014;10:20140524.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsbl.2014.0524.","journal-title":"Biol Lett"},{"key":"6330_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2015.0009","author":"M Murray","year":"2015","unstructured":"Murray M, Edwards MA, Abercrombie B, St Clair CC. Poor health is associated with use of anthropogenic resources in an urban carnivore. Proc Royal Soc B. 2015;282:20150009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2015.0009.","journal-title":"Proc Royal Soc B"},{"key":"6330_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1578-2","volume":"9","author":"TA Fraser","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fraser TA, Charleston M, Martin A, Polkinghorne A, Carver S. The emergence of sarcoptic mange in Australian wildlife: an unresolved debate. Parasit Vectors. 2016;9:1\u201311.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-016-1578-2.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6330_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-002-0655-y","volume":"88","author":"F Berrilli","year":"2002","unstructured":"Berrilli F, D\u2019Amelio S, Rossi L. Ribosomal and mitochondrial DNA sequence variation in Sarcoptes mites from different hosts and geographical regions. Parasitol Res. 2002;88:772\u20137.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-002-0655-y.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"6330_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22538","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.22538","volume":"88","author":"SG Robinson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Robinson SG, Black KM, Catlin DH, Wails CN, Karpanty SM, Bellman H, et al. Red fox trap success is correlated with piping plover chick survival. J Wildlife Manage. 2023;88:e22538.","journal-title":"J Wildlife Manage"},{"key":"6330_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1002\/wsb.1086","volume":"44","author":"RB Nipko","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nipko RB, Holcombe BE, Kelly MJ. Identifying individual jaguars and ocelots via pattern-recognition software: comparing HotSpotter and Wild-ID. Wildl Soc Bull. 2020;44:424\u201333.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wsb.1086.","journal-title":"Wildl Soc Bull"},{"key":"6330_CR60","volume-title":"Best management practices for trapping red fox in the United States","author":"Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies [AFWA]","year":"2014","unstructured":"Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies. Best management practices for trapping red fox in the United States. Association of fish and Wildlife Agencies: Washington D.C.; 2014."}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06330-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06330-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06330-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T14:05:24Z","timestamp":1717682724000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06330-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6330"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06330-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 May 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 June 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All field methods were approved by Virginia Tech\u2019s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (14-003, 15-119, and 16-244) and adhered to the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies\u2019 Best Management Practices for Trapping Red Foxes in the United States []. Fieldwork was conducted under permits from the New York Department of Environmental Conservation (license 126), New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation (permit # 16\u20130379, 17\u20130637), and National Park Service (permit # FIIS-2015-SCI-0020), and with approval from Suffolk County Parks.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"248"}}