{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T02:39:48Z","timestamp":1793241588300,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726617600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p> Human onchocerciasis remains a public health problem in Ghana. Mass drug administration (MDA) with ivermectin (IVM) has reduced disease morbidity and prevalence, but the transmission of onchocerciasis remains ongoing in several endemic foci. We investigated parasite transmission in some endemic communities in Ghana that had received\u2009&gt;\u200918 rounds of annual MDA with IVM and determined the species composition of black fly (<jats:italic>Simulium damnosum<\/jats:italic>) vectors in these areas.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Adult female black flies were collected using human landing catches and identified as either forest or savanna species using morpho-taxonomic keys. The adult flies underwent dissection to determine their parity and detect any <jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic> larvae, followed by the calculation of entomological indices. <jats:italic>Simulium damnosum<\/jats:italic> s.l. larvae were collected and preserved in freshly prepared Carnoy\u2019s fixative and were later\u00a0used for cytotaxonomic studies.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 9,983 adult flies were caught: 6,569 and 3,414 in the rainy and dry seasons respectively. Black fly biting activities over the study period showed bimodal or trimodal patterns. The highest monthly biting rate (MBR)\u00a0of 10,578.75 bites\/person\/month was recorded in July in Beposo, while the highest monthly transmission potential of 100.69 infective bites\/person\/month was recorded in Asubende in August. Morphological analysis of 2,032 flies showed that 99.8% (2,028) of the flies were savanna species, with only 4 (0.2%) adult flies being of the\u00a0forest species. Cytogenetic studies on 114 black fly larvae revealed three cytospecies (<jats:italic>Simulium damnosum<\/jats:italic> s.s., <jats:italic>S. sirbanum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. sanctipauli<\/jats:italic>) in the study area.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The present studies confirmed an ongoing transmission of onchocerciasis in the study communities\u00a0except Abua-1. It also provides further information on biting behaviors and onchocerciasis transmission indices in the study communities. Further, our data confirmed the savanna species (<jats:italic>S. damnosum<\/jats:italic> s.s. and <jats:italic>S. sirbanum<\/jats:italic>) of the <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic><jats:italic>damnosum<\/jats:italic> s.l. to be the major vectors of onchocerciasis in the study areas, with only an occasional influx of forest cytotypes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06333-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T13:50:08Z","timestamp":1726753808000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Ongoing transmission of onchocerciasis in the Pru District of Ghana after two decades of mass drug administration with ivermectin and comparative identification of members of the Simulium damnosum complex using cytological and morphological techniques"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Friday Maduka","family":"Chikezie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis Balunnaa Dhari","family":"Veriegh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Armoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Adjei","family":"Boakye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike Yaw","family":"Osei-Atweneboana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"6333_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.1988.tb01197.x","volume":"16","author":"A Sommer","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sommer A. 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All fly collectors who had not been treated in the past 6\u00a0months preceding the study were treated by the community-based ivermectin distributor and properly documented before and after their involvement in the study. Written informed consent were obtained from all vector collectors before the commencement of the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"394"}}