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The bradyzoite antigen 1 (BAG1), known as heat-shock protein (HSP)30, is a specific antigen expressed during the early stage of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      tachyzoite\u2013bradyzoite conversion.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A\n                      <jats:italic>bag1<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene knockout strain based on the\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      type II ME49 was constructed and designated as ME49\u0394\n                      <jats:italic>bag1<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The invasion, proliferation, and cyst formation efficiency in the cell model and survival in the mouse model were compared between the ME49 and ME49\u0394\n                      <jats:italic>bag1<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains after infection. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to detect the transcriptional level of important genes, and western-blot was used to detect protein levels.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      ME49\u0394\n                      <jats:italic>bag1<\/jats:italic>\n                      displayed significantly inhibited cyst formation, although it was not completely blocked. During early differentiation induced by alkaline and starvation conditions in vitro, the proliferation of ME49\u0394\n                      <jats:italic>bag1<\/jats:italic>\n                      was significantly accelerated relative to the ME49 strain. Meanwhile, the transcription of the HSP family and bradyzoite formation deficient 1 (\n                      <jats:italic>bfd1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) were significantly enhanced. The observed upregulation suggests a compensatory mechanism to counterbalance the impaired stress responses of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      following\n                      <jats:italic>bag1<\/jats:italic>\n                      knockout. On the other hand, the elevated transcription levels of several HSP family members, including HSP20, HSP21, HSP40, HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90, along with BFD1, implied the involvement of alternative regulatory factors in bradyzoite differentiation aside from BAG1.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The data suggested that when\n                      <jats:italic>bag1<\/jats:italic>\n                      was absent, the stress response of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      was partially compensated by increased levels of other HSPs, resulting in the formation of fewer cysts. This highlighted a complex regulatory network beyond BAG1 influencing the parasite\u2019s transformation into bradyzoites, emphasizing the vital compensatory function of HSPs in the\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      life cycle adaptation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06339-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T13:02:29Z","timestamp":1722344549000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Toxoplasma gondii bradyzoite-specific BAG1 is nonessential for cyst formation due to compensation by other heat-shock proteins"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Weiling","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiqi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weihao","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiating","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huijing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lishan","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongjuan","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"6339_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05013-11","volume":"25","author":"F Robert-Gangneux","year":"2012","unstructured":"Robert-Gangneux F, Darde ML. 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