{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T09:13:02Z","timestamp":1793697182555,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719878400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Region of Attica"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The flavivirus West Nile Virus (WNV), which is transmitted by mosquitoes, poses a significant threat to both humans and animals, and its outbreaks often challenge public health in Europe and other continents. In recent years, there is an increasing trend of WNV incidence rates across several European countries. However, whether there is a year-round circulation or seasonal introduction has yet to be elucidated. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identified WNV-positive\n                    <jats:italic>Culex pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    mosquitos in 6 out of 146 pools examined in winter 2022 that correspond to three out of the 24 study areas, located in two coastal regions units in Attica, Greece. Spatial dispersion of the six positive pools in the same region suggests a clustered circulation of WNV during the winter of 2022. This is the first study that documents the identification of WNV in\n                    <jats:italic>Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    populations, captured in adult traps during winter period. Our findings underscore the need to extend entomological surveillance programs to include the winter period, specifically in temperate climates and historically affected areas by WNV.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06367-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T16:42:13Z","timestamp":1719938533000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Overwintering West Nile virus in active Culex pipiens mosquito populations in Greece"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Georgios","family":"Balatsos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stavroula","family":"Beleri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Tegos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Bisia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasileios","family":"Karras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelia","family":"Zavitsanou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios P.","family":"Papachristos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikos T.","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonios","family":"Michaelakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Patsoula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"6367_CR1","unstructured":"European centre for disease prevention and control (ECDC). Factsheet about West Nile virus infection. 2010. https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/west-nile-fever\/facts. Accessed 25 Jun 2024"},{"key":"6367_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/376230","volume":"2015","author":"C Chancey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chancey C, Grinev A, Volkova E, Rios M. The global ecology and epidemiology of West Nile virus. BioMed Res Int. 2015;2015:e376230.","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"6367_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2012.1176","volume":"13","author":"A Chaskopoulou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chaskopoulou A, Dovas CI, Chaintoutis SC, Kashefi J, Koehler P, Papanastassopoulou M. Detection and early warning of West Nile virus circulation in central Macedonia, Greece, using sentinel chickens and mosquitoes. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2013;13:723\u201332.","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"6367_CR4","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"A Vakali","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vakali A, Beleri S, Tegos N, Fytrou A, Mpimpa A, Sergentanis TN, et al. Entomological surveillance activities in regions in Greece: data on mosquito species abundance and West Nile virus detection in Culex pipiens pools (2019\u20132020). Trop Med Infect Dis. 2023;8:1.","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"6367_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.02.024","volume":"182","author":"K Mavridis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mavridis K, Fotakis EA, Kioulos I, Mpellou S, Konstantas S, Varela E, et al. Detection of West Nile virus\u2014lineage 2 in Culex pipiens mosquitoes, associated with disease outbreak in Greece, 2017. Acta Trop. 2018;182:64\u20138.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"6367_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2450682","volume":"2016","author":"E Patsoula","year":"2016","unstructured":"Patsoula E, Vakali A, Balatsos G, Pervanidou D, Beleri S, Tegos N, et al. West Nile virus circulation in mosquitoes in Greece (2010\u20132013). BioMed Res Int. 2016;2016:e2450682.","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"6367_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.3390\/v15071481","volume":"15","author":"D Pervanidou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pervanidou D, Kefaloudi CN, Vakali A, Tsakalidou O, Karatheodorou M, Tsioka K, et al. The 2022 West Nile virus season in Greece a quite intense season. Viruses. 2023;15:1481.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"6367_CR8","unstructured":"National Public Health Organization (NPHO), Annual epidemiological report for West Nile virus human infection, Greece, 2021. https:\/\/eody.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/wnv_annual_report_2021_eng.pdf. Accessed 25 Jun 2024"},{"key":"6367_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2023.106847","volume":"240","author":"S Beleri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Beleri S, Balatsos G, Tegos N, Papachristos D, Mouchtouri V, Hadjichristodoulou C, et al. Winter survival of adults of two geographically distant populations of Aedes albopictus in a microclimatic environment of Athens Greece. Acta Trop. 2023;240:106847.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"6367_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2018.2422","volume":"20","author":"E Patsoula","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patsoula E, Beleri S, Tegos N, Mkrtsian R, Vakali A, Pervanidou D. Entomological data and detection of West Nile virus in mosquitoes in Greece (2014\u20132016), before disease re-emergence in 2017. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2020;20:60\u201370.","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"6367_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e729","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(23)00170-5","volume":"7","author":"DS L\u00fchrsen","year":"2023","unstructured":"L\u00fchrsen DS, Zavitsanou E, Cerecedo-Iglesias C, Pardo-Araujo M, Palmer JRB, Bartumeus F, et al. Adult Aedes albopictus in winter: implications for mosquito surveillance in southern Europe. Lancet Planet Health. 2023;7:e729\u201331.","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"6367_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2399-7","volume":"10","author":"I Rudolf","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rudolf I, Bet\u00e1\u0161ov\u00e1 L, Bla\u017eejov\u00e1 H, Vencl\u00edkov\u00e1 K, Strakov\u00e1 P, \u0160ebesta O, et al. 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J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2012;28:137\u201351.","journal-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc"},{"key":"6367_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1177\/104063871002200515","volume":"22","author":"M Eiden","year":"2010","unstructured":"Eiden M, Vina-Rodriguez A, Hoffmann B, Ziegler U, Groschup MH. Two new real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays with unique target sites for the specific and sensitive detection of lineages 1 and 2 West Nile virus strains. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2010;22:748\u201353.","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"6367_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3390\/insects11060329","volume":"11","author":"M Bisia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bisia M, Jeffries CL, Lytra I, Michaelakis A, Walker T. A comparison of adult mosquito trapping methods to assess potential West Nile virus mosquito vectors in Greece during the onset of the 2018 transmission season. 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None of the collection sites were located within protected areas, thus specific permits for entomological surveillance were not needed. Furthermore, the Benaki Phytopathological Institute and the University of West Attica, which serve as coordinators for\u00a0this study, undergo regular inspections by local authorities to ensure adherence to pertinent national and international laws, conventions, guidelines, and ethical standards regarding safety and conduct.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"286"}}