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However, the effects of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection on Gal-9 expression in dM\u03c6, and the impact of altered Gal-9 expression levels on the maternal\u2013fetal tolerance function of decidual natural killer (dNK) cells, are still unknown.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Pregnancy outcomes of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      -infected C57BL\/6 and\n                      <jats:italic>Lgals9<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      pregnant mice models were recorded. Expression of Gal-9, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), phosphorylated JNK (p-JNK), and Forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) was detected by western blotting, flow cytometry or immunofluorescence. The binding of FOXO1 to the promoter of\n                      <jats:italic>Lgals9<\/jats:italic>\n                      was determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation\u2013polymerase chain reaction (ChIP-PCR). The expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK), cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), phosphorylated CREB (p-CREB), T-box expressed in T cells (T-bet), interleukin 10 (IL-10), and interferon gamma (IFN-\u03b3) in dNK cells was assayed by western blotting.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection increased the expression of p-JNK and FOXO1 in dM\u03c6, resulting in a reduction in Gal-9 due to the elevated binding of FOXO1 with\n                      <jats:italic>Lgals9<\/jats:italic>\n                      promoter. Downregulation of Gal-9 enhanced the phosphorylation of ERK, inhibited the expression of p-CREB and IL-10, and promoted the expression of T-bet and IFN-\u03b3 in dNK cells. In the mice model, knockout of\n                      <jats:italic>Lgals9<\/jats:italic>\n                      aggravated adverse pregnancy outcomes caused by\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection during pregnancy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection suppressed Gal-9 expression in dM\u03c6 by activating the JNK\/FOXO1 signaling pathway, and reduction of Gal-9 contributed to dysfunction of dNK via Gal-9\/Tim-3 interaction. This study provides new insights for the molecular mechanisms of the adverse pregnancy outcomes caused by\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06379-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T06:01:46Z","timestamp":1720591306000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The effect of Toxoplasma gondii infection on galectin-9 expression in decidual macrophages contributing to dysfunction of decidual NK cells during pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuzhu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liqin","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haixia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhidan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianbing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuemei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yushan","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"6379_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00124-7","volume":"30","author":"AM Tenter","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tenter AM, Heckeroth AR, Weiss LM. 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The female participants, diagnosed with early pregnancy deemed normal by professional obstetricians and gynecologists, devoid of complications, medication, or a history of toxoplasmosis infection, opted voluntarily for pregnancy termination. All sample collections were conducted with participants\u2019 consent, and all participants signed informed consent forms. Animal experiments were conducted in strict compliance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of Binzhou Medical University (license number 2017-009-09).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"299"}}