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Although canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is endemic in Mediterranean Basin countries, large-scale epidemiological studies are lacking for feline leishmaniosis (FeL). This study aimed to assess the prevalence of <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic> infections, associated risk factors, clinical signs, and clinicopathological abnormalities in domestic cat populations from six Mediterranean Basin countries.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>From 2019 to 2022, blood and serum samples of cats (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092067) living in Italy (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009300), Greece (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009297), Portugal (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009295), France (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009231), Israel (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009313), and Spain (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009631) were collected along with animal data (i.e., age, sex, breed, housing conditions, and geographical origin), clinical signs, and laboratory blood test parameters. Cats were grouped according to their age as kittens (up to 1\u00a0year), young (older than 1 and younger than 7\u00a0years), mature (between 7 and 10\u00a0years), and senior (older than 10\u00a0years). Serum samples were tested for <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic> by immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and blood samples of seropositive cats were tested for <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic> kinetoplast deoxyribonucleic acid (kDNA). Viral infection by feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) was molecularly addressed in all cats enrolled. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the association between the risk of <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic> infection and independent variables, and among co-infection of <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic> with FIV and\/or FeLV, clinical signs, and clinicopathological abnormalities.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Overall, 17.3% (358\/2067) of cats scored positive for <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic> by serological tests. Specifically, 24.7% were from Portugal, 23.2% from Greece, 16.6% from Israel, 15% from Spain, 13.3% from France, and 12.6% from Italy. <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic> DNA was detected in 15 seropositive animals. Housing condition and FIV infection proved to be risk factors for FeL. <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> seropositivity was significantly associated with weight loss, lymphadenomegaly, gingivostomatitis, and oral ulcers, as well as with reduced albumin and albumin\/globulin ratio, increased total globulins and total proteins, leukocytosis, and thrombocytosis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study provides, for the first time, a large-scale epidemiological survey on FeL and its clinical presentation, revealing that <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>infantum<\/jats:italic> circulates among domestic cats, especially shelter\/free-roaming and FIV-infected animals, living in CanL endemic countries of the Mediterranean Basin.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06419-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T09:03:04Z","timestamp":1724058184000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Feline leishmaniosis in the Mediterranean Basin: a multicenter study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mariaelisa","family":"Carbonara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Iatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guadalupe","family":"Mir\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Montoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Benelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jairo Alfonso","family":"Mendoza-Roldan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elias","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilie","family":"Bouhsira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaarit","family":"Nachum-Biala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Decaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bettina","family":"Schunack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gad","family":"Baneth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Otranto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"6419_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. 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Animals were handled with regard for their well-being. The protocol of this study was approved by the ethical committees of the Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Italy (Prot. Uniba 7\/17), the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece (Prot. 192746\/2022), the Koret School of Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital, Hebrew University, Israel (Prot. KSVMVTH\/7_2018), the Complutense University of Madrid, Spain (Prot. 60-29102019), and the Organism Responsible for Animal Welfare from the Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar,\nUniversity of Porto, Portugal with Agency responsible for Animal Welfare (ORBEA) at the University of Porto,\nPortugal, ICBAS School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"346"}}