{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T17:06:23Z","timestamp":1761930383839,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723161600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1183986"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1183986"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Vector control based on indoor residual spraying (IRS) is one of the main components of the visceral leishmaniasis (VL) elimination programme in India. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was used for IRS until 2015 and was later replaced by the synthetic pyrethroid alpha-cypermethrin. Both classes of insecticides share the same target site, the voltage-gated sodium channel (<jats:italic>Vgsc<\/jats:italic>). As high levels of resistance to DDT have been documented in the local sand fly vector, <jats:italic>Phlebotomus argentipes<\/jats:italic>, it is possible that mutations in the <jats:italic>Vgsc<\/jats:italic> gene could provide resistance to alpha-cypermethrin, affecting current IRS\u00a0pyrethroid-based vector control.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study aimed to compare frequencies of knockdown resistance (<jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>) mutations in <jats:italic>Vgsc<\/jats:italic> between two sprayed and two unsprayed villages in Bihar state, India, which had the highest VL burden of the four endemic states. Across four villages, 350 female <jats:italic>P. argentipes<\/jats:italic> were collected as part of a 2019 molecular xenomonitoring study. DNA was extracted and used for sequence analysis of the IIS6 fragment of the <jats:italic>Vgsc<\/jats:italic> gene to assess the presence of <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic> mutations.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Mutations were identified at various positions, most frequently at codon 1014, a common site known to be associated with insecticide resistance in mosquitoes and sand flies. Significant inter-village variation was observed, with sand flies from Dharampur, an unsprayed village, showing a significantly higher proportion of wild-type alleles (55.8%) compared with the three other villages (8.5\u201314.3%). The allele differences observed across the four villages may result from selection pressure caused by previous exposure to DDT.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>While DDT resistance has been reported in Bihar, <jats:italic>P. argentipes<\/jats:italic> is still susceptible to pyrethroids. However, the presence of <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic> mutations in sand flies could present a threat to IRS used for VL control in endemic villages in India. Continuous surveillance of vector bionomics and insecticide resistance, using bioassays and target genotyping, is required to inform India\u2019s vector control strategies and to ensure the VL elimination target is reached and sustained.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06424-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T09:12:32Z","timestamp":1723194752000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Knockdown resistance mutations in Phlebotomus argentipes sand flies in Bihar, India"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mojca","family":"Kristan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlamarita","family":"Hazelgrove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kundan","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vijay","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pradeep","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguella","family":"Mark-Carew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Campino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Cameron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"6424_CR1","volume-title":"Global vector control response 2017\u20132030","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2017","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global vector control response 2017\u20132030. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017."},{"key":"6424_CR2","unstructured":"Ruiz-Postigo JA, Jain S, Madjou S, Agua JFV, Maia-Elkhoury AN, Valadas S, et al. Global leishmaniasis surveillance, 2022: assessing trends over the past 10 years. World Health Organization\u2014Weekly epidemiological record. 2023;40:471\u201388."},{"key":"6424_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30222-6","volume":"2","author":"R Reithinger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Reithinger R. Xenodiagnosis leads the way: elimination of visceral leishmaniasis from the Indian subcontinent is feasible and sustainable. Lancet Microbe. 2021;2:e2\u20133.","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"6424_CR4","volume-title":"Process of validation of elimination of kala-azar as a public health problem in South-East Asia","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Process of validation of elimination of kala-azar as a public health problem in South-East Asia. New Delhi: World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia; 2016."},{"key":"6424_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2022.2126352","volume":"20","author":"OP Singh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Singh OP, Sundar S. Visceral leishmaniasis elimination in India: progress and the road ahead. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2022;20:1381\u20138.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"6424_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641632","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.641632","volume":"11","author":"R Garlapati","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garlapati R, Iniguez E, Serafim TD, Mishra PK, Rooj B, Sinha B, et al. Towards a sustainable vector-control strategy in the post kala-azar elimination era. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:641632.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"6424_CR7","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Regional Strategic Framework for accelerating and sustaining elimination of kala-azar in the South-East Asia Region: 2022\u20132026. New Delhi: World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia; 2022. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO."},{"key":"6424_CR8","unstructured":"National Center for Vector Borne Diseases Control, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India. Kala-Azar Situation in India. 2023. https:\/\/ncvbdc.mohfw.gov.in\/index4.php?lang=1&level=0&linkid=467&lid=3750. Accessed 25 Mar 2024."},{"key":"6424_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001296","volume":"5","author":"K Gidwani","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gidwani K, Picado A, Rijal S, Singh SP, Roy L, Volfova V, et al. Serological markers of sand fly exposure to evaluate insecticidal nets against visceral leishmaniasis in India and Nepal: a cluster-randomized trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5:e1296.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"6424_CR10","first-page":"35","volume":"18","author":"SJ Rahman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Rahman SJ, Menon PK, Rajagopal R, Mathur KK. Behaviour of Phlebotomus argentipes in the foothills of Nilgiris (Tamil Nadu), South India. J Commun Dis. 1986;18:35\u201344.","journal-title":"J Commun Dis"},{"key":"6424_CR11","volume-title":"Regional strategic framework for Elimination of Kala-azar from the South-East Asia Region (2005\u20132015)","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2005","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Regional strategic framework for Elimination of Kala-azar from the South-East Asia Region (2005\u20132015). New Delhi: World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia; 2005."},{"key":"6424_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2016.1180775","volume":"110","author":"R Chowdhury","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chowdhury R, Kumar V, Mondal D, Das ML, Das P, Dash AP, et al. Implication of vector characteristics of Phlebotomus argentipes in the kala-azar elimination programme in the Indian sub-continent. Pathog Glob Health. 2016;110:87\u201396.","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"key":"6424_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006168","volume":"12","author":"DM Poche","year":"2018","unstructured":"Poche DM, Garlapati RB, Mukherjee S, Torres-Poche Z, Hasker E, Rahman T, et al. Bionomics of Phlebotomus argentipes in villages in Bihar, India with insights into efficacy of IRS-based control measures. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018;12:e0006168.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"6424_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.9734\/IJTDH\/2015\/16170","volume":"7","author":"V Kumar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kumar V, Shankar L, Rama A, Kesari S, Dinesh DS, Bhunia GS, et al. Analysing host preference behavior of Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae) under the impact of indoor residual spray. Int J Trop Dis Health. 2015;7:69\u201379.","journal-title":"Int J Trop Dis Health"},{"key":"6424_CR15","volume-title":"Regional strategic framework for elimination of kala-azar from the South-East Asia Region (2011\u20132015)","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2012","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Regional strategic framework for elimination of kala-azar from the South-East Asia Region (2011\u20132015). New Delhi: World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia; 2012."},{"key":"6424_CR16","unstructured":"National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme. Accelerated plan for kala-azar elimination. Delhi, India. 2017."},{"key":"6424_CR17","volume-title":"Kala-Azar elimination programme: report of a WHO consultation of partners, Geneva, Switzerland, 10\u201311 February 2015","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Kala-Azar elimination programme: report of a WHO consultation of partners, Geneva, Switzerland, 10\u201311 February 2015. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015."},{"key":"6424_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000859","volume":"4","author":"DS Dinesh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dinesh DS, Das ML, Picado A, Roy L, Rijal S, Singh SP, et al. Insecticide susceptibility of Phlebotomus argentipes in visceral leishmaniasis endemic districts in India and Nepal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;4:e859.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"6424_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.164260","volume":"142","author":"V Kumar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kumar V, Shankar L, Kesari S, Bhunia GS, Dinesh DS, Mandal R, et al. Insecticide susceptibility of Phlebotomus argentipes & assessment of vector control in two districts of West Bengal, India. Indian J Med Res. 2015;142:211\u20135.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"6424_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2013.262","volume":"68","author":"R Singh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Singh R, Kumar P. Susceptibility of the sandfly Phlebotomus argentipes Annandale and Brunetti (Diptera: Psychodidae) to insecticides in endemic areas of visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2015;68:33\u20137.","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"6424_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009101","volume":"15","author":"R Deb","year":"2021","unstructured":"Deb R, Singh RP, Mishra PK, Hitchins L, Reid E, Barwa AM, et al. Impact of IRS: four-years of entomological surveillance of the Indian Visceral Leishmaniases elimination programme. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021;15:e0009101.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"6424_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8573","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1507782112","volume":"112","author":"M Coleman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Coleman M, Foster GM, Deb R, Pratap Singh R, Ismail HM, Shivam P, et al. DDT-based indoor residual spraying suboptimal for visceral leishmaniasis elimination in India. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2015;112:8573\u20138.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"6424_CR23","first-page":"793","volume":"79","author":"R Singh","year":"2001","unstructured":"Singh R, Das RK, Sharma SK. Resistance of sandflies to DDT in Kala-azar endemic districts of Bihar, India. Bull World Health Organ. 2001;79:793.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"6424_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13576","volume":"26","author":"DS Dinesh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dinesh DS, Hassan F, Kumar V, Kesari S, Topno RK, Yadav RS. Insecticide susceptibility of Phlebotomus argentipes sandflies, vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in India. Trop Med Int Health. 2021;26:823\u20138.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"6424_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2583.2007.00733.x","volume":"16","author":"TG Davies","year":"2007","unstructured":"Davies TG, Field LM, Usherwood PN, Williamson MS. A comparative study of voltage-gated sodium channels in the Insecta: implications for pyrethroid resistance in Anopheline and other Neopteran species. Insect Mol Biol. 2007;16:361\u201375.","journal-title":"Insect Mol Biol"},{"key":"6424_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/s00249-016-1195-1","volume":"46","author":"LM Field","year":"2017","unstructured":"Field LM, Emyr Davies TG, O\u2019Reilly AO, Williamson MS, Wallace BA. Voltage-gated sodium channels as targets for pyrethroid insecticides. Eur Biophys J. 2017;46:675\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur Biophys J"},{"key":"6424_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2013.02.007","volume":"106","author":"FD Rinkevich","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rinkevich FD, Du Y, Dong K. Diversity and convergence of sodium channel mutations involved in resistance to pyrethroids. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2013;106:93\u2013100.","journal-title":"Pestic Biochem Physiol"},{"key":"6424_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005504","volume":"11","author":"B Gomes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gomes B, Purkait B, Deb RM, Rama A, Singh RP, Foster GM, et al. Knockdown resistance mutations predict DDT resistance and pyrethroid tolerance in the visceral leishmaniasis vector Phlebotomus argentipes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11:e0005504.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"6424_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04117-y","volume":"13","author":"DRK Pathirage","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pathirage DRK, Karunaratne S, Senanayake SC, Karunaweera ND. Insecticide susceptibility of the sand fly leishmaniasis vector Phlebotomus argentipes in Sri Lanka. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13:246.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6424_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011200","volume":"17","author":"S McIntyre-Nolan","year":"2023","unstructured":"McIntyre-Nolan S, Kumar V, Mark-Carew M, Kumar K, Nightingale ES, Dalla Libera Marchiori G, et al. Comparison of collection methods for Phlebotomus argentipes sand flies to use in a molecular xenomonitoring system for the surveillance of visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2023;17:e0011200.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"6424_CR31","volume-title":"Operational manual on leishmaniasis vector control, surveillance, monitoring and evaluation","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Operational manual on leishmaniasis vector control, surveillance, monitoring and evaluation. Geneva: WHO; 2022."},{"key":"6424_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.328972","volume":"58","author":"SR Sarkar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sarkar SR, Kuroki A, Ozbel Y, Osada Y, Omachi S, Shyamal PK, et al. First detection of voltage-gated sodium channel mutations in Phlebotomus argentipes collected from Bangladesh. J Vector Borne Dis. 2021;58:368\u201373.","journal-title":"J Vector Borne Dis"},{"key":"6424_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011734","volume":"17","author":"E Reid","year":"2023","unstructured":"Reid E, Deb RM, Ali A, Singh RP, Mishra PK, Shepherd J, et al. Molecular surveillance of insecticide resistance in Phlebotomus argentipes targeted by indoor residual spraying for visceral leishmaniasis elimination in India. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2023;17:e0011734.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"6424_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009586","volume":"15","author":"S Balaska","year":"2021","unstructured":"Balaska S, Fotakis EA, Chaskopoulou A, Vontas J. Chemical control and insecticide resistance status of sand fly vectors worldwide. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021;15:e0009586.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"6424_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04522-5","volume":"22","author":"S Das","year":"2023","unstructured":"Das S, Maquina M, Phillips K, Cuamba N, Marrenjo D, Saute F, et al. Fine-scale spatial distribution of deltamethrin resistance and population structure of Anopheles funestus and Anopheles arabiensis populations in Southern Mozambique. Malar J. 2023;22:94.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"6424_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-10","volume":"10","author":"DK Mathias","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mathias DK, Ochomo E, Atieli F, Ombok M, Bayoh MN, Olang G, et al. Spatial and temporal variation in the kdr allele L1014S in Anopheles gambiae s.s. and phenotypic variability in susceptibility to insecticides in Western Kenya. Malar J. 2011;10:10.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"6424_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009746","volume":"15","author":"F Solis-Santoyo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Solis-Santoyo F, Rodriguez AD, Penilla-Navarro RP, Sanchez D, Castillo-Vera A, Lopez-Solis AD, et al. Insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti from Tapachula, Mexico: spatial variation and response to historical insecticide use. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021;15:e0009746.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"6424_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-450","volume":"7","author":"AP Silva","year":"2014","unstructured":"Silva AP, Santos JM, Martins AJ. Mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of anophelines and their association with resistance to pyrethroids\u2014a review. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:450.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6424_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3390\/insects7040060","volume":"7","author":"Y Du","year":"2016","unstructured":"Du Y, Nomura Y, Zhorov BS, Dong K. Sodium channel mutations and pyrethroid resistance in Aedes aegypti. Insects. 2016;7:60.","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"6424_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.3390\/v15010148","volume":"15","author":"S Balaska","year":"2023","unstructured":"Balaska S, Calzolari M, Grisendi A, Scremin M, Dottori M, Mavridis K, et al. Monitoring of insecticide resistance mutations and pathogen circulation in sand flies from Emilia-Romagna, a Leishmaniasis endemic region of Northern Italy. Viruses. 2023;15:148.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"6424_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.213506","volume":"49","author":"RK Singh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Singh RK, Mittal PK, Dhiman RC. Insecticide susceptibility status of Phlebotomus argentipes, a vector of visceral leishmaniasis in different foci in three states of India. J Vector Borne Dis. 2012;49:254\u20137.","journal-title":"J Vector Borne Dis"},{"key":"6424_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19636","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56209-0","volume":"9","author":"F Hassan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hassan F, Singh KP, Ali V, Behera S, Shivam P, Das P, et al. Detection and functional characterization of sigma class GST in Phlebotomus argentipes and its role in stress tolerance and DDT resistance. Sci Rep. 2019;9:19636.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"6424_CR43","first-page":"23","volume":"5","author":"F Hassan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hassan F, Dinesh DS, Purkait B, Kumari S, Kumar V, Das P. Bio-chemical characterization of detoxifying enzymes in DDT resistant field isolates of Phlebotomus argentipes in Bihar, India. Int J Med Pharm Sci. 2015;5:23\u201332.","journal-title":"Int J Med Pharm Sci"},{"key":"6424_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010304","volume":"16","author":"L Roy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Roy L, Uranw S, Cloots K, Smekens T, Kiran U, Pyakurel UR, et al. Susceptibility status of the wild-caught Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae), the sand fly vector of visceral leishmaniasis, to different insecticides in Nepal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022;16:e0010304.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"6424_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02517.x","volume":"15","author":"P Das","year":"2010","unstructured":"Das P, Samuels S, Desjeux P, Mittal A, Topno R, Siddiqui NA, et al. Annual incidence of visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic area of Bihar, India. Trop Med Int Health. 2010;15:4\u201311.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"6424_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-0276108022013012","volume":"108","author":"S Kesari","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kesari S, Bhunia GS, Chatterjee N, Kumar V, Mandal R, Das P. Appraisal of Phlebotomus argentipes habitat suitability using a remotely sensed index in the kala-azar endemic focus of Bihar, India. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2013;108:197\u2013204.","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"6424_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-64","volume":"13","author":"GS Bhunia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bhunia GS, Kesari S, Chatterjee N, Kumar V, Das P. Spatial and temporal variation and hotspot detection of kala-azar disease in Vaishali district (Bihar). India BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:64.","journal-title":"India BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"6424_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-016-0200-3","volume":"5","author":"RC Dhiman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dhiman RC, Yadav RS. Insecticide resistance in phlebotomine sandflies in Southeast Asia with emphasis on the Indian subcontinent. Infect Dis Poverty. 2016;5:106.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"6424_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S64","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2011.00113.x","volume":"36","author":"GC Muller","year":"2011","unstructured":"Muller GC, Schlein Y. Different methods of using attractive sugar baits (ATSB) for the control of Phlebotomus papatasi. J Vector Ecol. 2011;36:S64-70.","journal-title":"J Vector Ecol"},{"key":"6424_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-006968","volume":"6","author":"GT Banda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Banda GT, Deribe K, Davey G. How can we better integrate the prevention, treatment, control and elimination of neglected tropical diseases with other health interventions? A systematic review. BMJ Glob Health. 2021;6:e006968.","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06424-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06424-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06424-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T21:04:51Z","timestamp":1723237491000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06424-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6424"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06424-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1756-3305"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 August 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethics committee of the Government of India Health Ministry\u2019s Screening Committee (Ref: 2017-4126), Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Ref: 39\/RMRI\/EC\/2017) and the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (Ref: 1463).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"334"}}