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We performed a prospective study embedded in a cluster randomised controlled trial (cRCT) to evaluate the attrition, fabric integrity and insecticidal durability of Interceptor\u00ae G2 (alpha-cypermethrin-chlorfenapyr) and Royal Guard\u00ae (alpha-cypermethrin\u2013pyriproxyfen), compared to Interceptor\u00ae (alpha-cypermethrin) in Benin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 2428 study nets in 1093 randomly selected households in five clusters per arm of the cRCT were monitored for ITN attrition and fabric integrity every 6\u201312\u00a0months post-distribution. Householders were further surveyed to investigate non-study net use and their preference for ITN fabric types used in the study nets. A second cohort of 120 nets per ITN type were withdrawn every 12\u00a0months and assessed for chemical content and insecticidal activity in laboratory bioassays. Alpha-cypermethrin bioefficacy was investigated using the susceptible\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      Kisumu strain, and chlorfenapyr and pyriproxyfen bioefficacy were investigated using the pyrethroid-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles coluzzii<\/jats:italic>\n                      Akron strain. Net pieces were tested in WHO cone bioassays and tunnel tests for alpha-cypermethrin and in tunnel tests for chlorfenapyr; pyriproxyfen activity was assessed in cone bioassays as the reduction in fertility of blood-fed survivors using ovary dissection. Bioefficacy was expressed as the proportion of ITNs passing predetermined WHO criteria, namely knock-down\u2009\u2265\u200995% or 24\/72\u00a0h mortality\u2009\u2265\u200980% or reduction in fertility\u2009\u2265\u200950%.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall ITN survivorship was 52% at 24\u00a0months and fell to 15% at 36\u00a0months. Median ITN survival time was lower with Royal Guard\u00ae relative to Interceptor\u00ae [1.6 vs 2.3\u00a0years; hazard ratio (HR)\u20091.49, 95% confidence interval (CI)\u20091.36\u20131.66;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001] and Interceptor\u00ae G2 (1.6 vs 2.1\u00a0years; HR\u20091.33, 95% CI\u20091.20\u20131.47;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Householders overwhelmingly preferred polyester nets over polyethylene nets (96%), and more Royal Guard\u00ae nets were replaced with spare polyester nets from previous campaigns. All Royal Guard\u00ae nets passed efficacy criteria for alpha-cypermethrin at all time points (100%) while ITN pass rates after 24\u00a0months had fallen to\u2009&lt;\u200940% for pyriproxyfen and chlorfenapyr. The chemical content analysis showed a higher loss rate of the non-pyrethroid insecticides relative to the pyrethroids in each dual ingredient AI ITN; 74% vs 47% for Royal Guard\u00ae and 85% vs 63% for Interceptor\u00ae G2 at 36\u00a0months.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The median ITN survival time for Interceptor\u00ae G2 (2.1\u00a0years) and Royal Guard\u00ae (1.6\u00a0years) in Benin is substantially lower than 3\u00a0years. Royal Guard\u00ae nets were discarded more quickly by householders, partly due to their low preference for polyethylene nets. The insecticidal activity of the non-pyrethroid insecticides in both dual AI ITNs was short-lived compared to alpha-cypermethrin. The results corroborate the findings from the cRCT conducted in Benin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06504-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T13:01:36Z","timestamp":1728306096000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The attrition, physical and insecticidal durability of two dual active ingredient nets (Interceptor\u00ae G2 and Royal Guard\u00ae) in Benin, West Africa: results from a durability study embedded in a cluster randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Corine","family":"Ngufor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josias","family":"Fagbohoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augustin","family":"Fongnikin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juniace","family":"Ahoga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Syme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Idelphonse","family":"Ahogni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Accrombessi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natacha","family":"Protopopoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jackie","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edouard","family":"Dangbenon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"Sovi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Baes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Pigeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damien","family":"Todjinou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renaud","family":"Govoetchan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Germain Gil","family":"Padonou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Akogbeto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"6504_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15535","volume":"526","author":"S Bhatt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bhatt S, Weiss D, Cameron E, Bisanzio D, Mappin B, Dalrymple U, et al. 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The cRCT is registered on clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03931473) and the study protocol was published before the start of the trial [\n                      \n                      ]. Heads of households selected for the durability study gave informed consent prior to their participation. The consent form was written in French and explained to them in their local language. Where the individual was unable to read or write, their fingerprint was taken, and a signature obtained from a witness to the informed consent procedure. All personal data was anonymised prior to data processing. Approval for use of guinea pigs for tunnel tests was obtained from the LSHTM Animal Welfare Ethics Review Board (Ref: 2020-01). The methods described in this paper were carried out following relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"420"}}