{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T21:57:06Z","timestamp":1790114226597,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730678400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Vector-borne pathogens (VBPs) are increasing in significance in veterinary medicine and public health settings, with wildlife playing a potentially crucial role in their transmission. Eurasian badgers (<jats:italic>Meles meles<\/jats:italic>) are widely distributed across Europe. However, information currently available on the prevalence of VBPs in badgers is limited. The objective of the current study was to investigate the occurrence of Anaplasmataceae, <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic> spp., <jats:italic>Mycoplasma<\/jats:italic> spp., <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> spp., Piroplasmida, Trypanosomatida and Filarioidea in badgers and subsequently, based on the results, assess the potential risk to domestic animals, other wildlife and humans.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Between 2017 and 2021, blood or spleen samples from 220 badgers were collected in nine continental European countries: Austria (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20097), Bosnia and Herzegovina (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092), Croatia (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200922), France (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200944), Germany (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200916), Hungary (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20097), Italy (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200916), Romania (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200980) and Serbia (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200926). VBPs were identified by performing PCR analysis on the samples, followed by Sanger sequencing. Additionally, to distinguish between different <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic> lineages we performed restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis on piroplasm-positive samples, using HinfI as restriction enzyme. A phylogenetic analysis was performed on <jats:italic>Mycoplasma<\/jats:italic> spp.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The pathogens identified were <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic> sp. badger type A (54%), B (23%), and C (37%); <jats:italic>Trypanosoma pestanai<\/jats:italic> (56%); <jats:italic>Mycoplasma<\/jats:italic> sp. (34%); Candidatus Mycoplasma haematomelis (8%); <jats:italic>Candidatus<\/jats:italic> Mycoplasma haematominutum (0.5%); and <jats:italic>Ehrlichia<\/jats:italic> spp. (2%). <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> spp., <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic> spp. and filarioid nematodes were not detected among the tested samples.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The large sample size and diverse study populations in this study provide valuable insights into the distribution and epidemiology of the analyzed pathogens. Some of the VBPs identified in our study show high similarity to those found in domestic animals, such as dogs. This finding suggests that badgers, as potential reservoirs for these pathogens, may pose a threat not only to other wildlife but also to domestic animals in close vicinity. Continuous surveillance is essential to monitor VBPs in wildlife as a means to enable the assessment of their impact on other wildlife species, domestic animals and human health.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06515-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T20:02:38Z","timestamp":1730750558000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Molecular analysis of vector-borne pathogens in Eurasian badgers (Meles meles) from continental Europe"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0126-5237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zo\u00eb Tess Lara","family":"Lindhorst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Brandstetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2947-1423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Sophia","family":"Unterk\u00f6fler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3812-8383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Eigner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0164-0179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joachim","family":"Spergser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Colyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0376-1606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Steinbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9468-0948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Du\u0161ko","family":"\u0106irovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3475-6653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikica","family":"\u0160prem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5943-4346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomislav","family":"Dumi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2496-4034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Veneziano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franz","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4915-3943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josef","family":"Harl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6604-0839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgiana","family":"Deak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1438-2498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela Monica","family":"Ionic\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4536-5508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mike","family":"Heddergott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4178-0133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans-Peter","family":"Fuehrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"6515_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00001","author":"E Battisti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Battisti E, Zanet S, Khalili S, Trisciuoglio A, Hertel B, Ferroglio E. Molecular survey on vector-borne pathogens in Alpine wild carnivorans. Front Vet Sci. 2020;7:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2020.00001.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"6515_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2017.01.001","author":"HP Fuehrer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fuehrer HP, Savi\u0107 S. Editorial: vectors and VBDs. Mol Cell Probes. 2017;31:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mcp.2017.01.001.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Probes"},{"key":"6515_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100230","author":"JC Semenza","year":"2021","unstructured":"Semenza JC, Paz S. Climate change and infectious disease in Europe: Impact, projection and adaptation. Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2021;9:100230.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100230.","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"6515_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.03.026","author":"C Genchi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Genchi C, Rinaldi L, Mortarino M, Genchi M, Cringoli G. Climate and Dirofilaria infection in Europe. Vet Parasitol. 2009;163:286\u201392.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.03.026.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"6515_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2014.12.001","author":"GG Duscher","year":"2015","unstructured":"Duscher GG, Leschnik M, Fuehrer HP, Joachim A. Wildlife reservoirs for vector-borne canine, feline and zoonotic infections in Austria. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. 2015;4:88\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2014.12.001.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl"},{"key":"6515_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12070898","author":"P Kurek","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kurek P, Piechnik \u0141, Wiatrowska B, Wa\u017cna A, Nowakowski K, Pardavila X, et al. Badger Meles meles as ecosystem engineer and its legal status in Europe. Animals. 2022;12:898. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12070898.","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"6515_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.8746","author":"C Lovell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lovell C, Li S, Turner J, Carbone C. The effect of habitat and human disturbance on the spatiotemporal activity of two urban carnivores: The results of an intensive camera trap study. Ecol Evol. 2022;12:e8746. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.8746.","journal-title":"Ecol Evol"},{"key":"6515_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00317441","author":"J da Silva","year":"1993","unstructured":"da Silva J, Woodroffe R, Macdonald DW. Habitat, food availability and group territoriality in the European badger Meles meles. Oecologia. 1993;95:558\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00317441.","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"6515_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39713-1","author":"LM Rosalino","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rosalino LM, Guedes D, Cabecinha D, Serronha A, Grilo C, Santos-Reis M, et al. Climate and landscape changes as driving forces for future range shift in southern populations of the European badger. Sci Rep. 2019;9:1\u201315.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-39713-1.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"6515_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05626-8","author":"M Uiterwijk","year":"2023","unstructured":"Uiterwijk M, Vojta L, \u0160prem N, Beck A, Jurkovi\u0107 D, Kik M, et al. Diversity of Hepatozoon species in wild mammals and ticks in Europe. Parasit Vectors. 2023;16:27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-022-05626-8.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6515_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-023-07823-5","author":"M Alsarraf","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alsarraf M, Dwu\u017cnik-Szarek D, Hildebrand J, Mierzejewska EJ, Kloch A, Kot K, et al. Occurrence of Dirofilaria repens in wild carnivores in Poland. Parasitol Res. 2023;122:1229\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-023-07823-5.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"6515_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-024-08141-0","author":"G Markakis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Markakis G, Sioutas G, Bitchava D, Komnenou A, Ganoti M, Papadopoulos E. Is the European badger a new host for Dirofilaria immitis? The first records in Greece. Parasitol Res. 2024;123:118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-024-08141-0.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"6515_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0050","author":"L Gern","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gern L, Sell K. Isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato from the skin of the European badger (Meles meles) in Switzerland. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2009;9:207\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/vbz.2008.0050.","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"6515_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3734-y","author":"T Szewczyk","year":"2019","unstructured":"Szewczyk T, Werszko J, Myczka AW, Laskowski Z, Karbowiak G. Molecular detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in wild carnivores in north-eastern Poland. Parasit Vectors. 2019;12:1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3734-y.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6515_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-54062-4","author":"CPD Birch","year":"2024","unstructured":"Birch CPD, Bakrania M, Prosser A, Brown D, Withenshaw SM, Downs SH. Difference in differences analysis evaluates the effects of the badger control policy on bovine tuberculosis in England. Sci Rep. 2024;14:4849. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-54062-4.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"6515_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00269","author":"M Santoro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Santoro M, Auriemma C, Lucibelli MG, Borriello G, D\u2019Alessio N, Sgroi G, et al. Molecular detection of Babesia spp. (Apicomplexa: Piroplasma) in free-ranging canids and mustelids from southern Italy. Front Vet Sci. 2019; 6:269.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2019.00269.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"6515_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182017000476","author":"PM Bartley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bartley PM, Wilson C, Innes EA, Katzer F. Detection of Babesia DNA in blood and spleen samples from Eurasian badgers (Meles meles) in Scotland. Parasitology. 2017;144:1203\u201310.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0031182017000476.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"6515_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.09.014","author":"S Hornok","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hornok S, Trauttwein K, Tak\u00e1cs N, Hod\u017ei\u0107 A, Duscher GG, Kontsch\u00e1n J. Molecular analysis of Ixodes rugicollis, Candidatus Neoehrlichia sp (FU98) and a novel Babesia genotype from a European badger (Meles meles). Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.09.014.","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"6515_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2794-8","author":"S Hornok","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hornok S, Horv\u00e1th G, Tak\u00e1cs N, Kontsch\u00e1n J, Sz\u0151ke K, Farkas R. Molecular identification of badger-associated Babesia sp DNA in dogs: updated phylogeny of piroplasms infecting Caniformia. Parasit Vectors. 2018;8:41\u20134.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-018-2794-8.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"6515_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.11.003","author":"J Mill\u00e1n","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mill\u00e1n J, Proboste T, Fern\u00e1ndez de Mera IG, Chirife AD, de la Fuente J, Altet L. Molecular detection of vector-borne pathogens in wild and domestic carnivores and their ticks at the human\u2013wildlife interface. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2016;7:284\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.11.003.","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"6515_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.02.021","author":"C Gimenez","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gimenez C, Casado N, Criado-Fornelio \u00c1, de Miguel F\u00c1, Dominguez-Pe\u00f1afiel G. A molecular survey of Piroplasmida and Hepatozoon isolated from domestic and wild animals in Burgos (northern Spain). Vet Parasitol. 2009;162:147\u201350.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.02.021.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"6515_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/pao.2016.4","author":"JF Barandika","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barandika JF, Esp\u00ed A, Oporto B, Cerro AD, Barral M, Povedano I, et al. Occurrence and genetic diversity of piroplasms and other apicomplexa in wild carnivores. Parasitology Open. 2016;2:e6.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/pao.2016.4.","journal-title":"Parasitology Open"},{"key":"6515_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10030446","author":"L Guardone","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guardone L, Ebani VV, Verin R, Nardoni S, Consolazione A, Bennett M, et al. Molecular detection of arthropod-borne pathogens in Eurasian badgers (Meles meles) from the United Kingdom. Animals. 2020;10:446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani10030446.","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"6515_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14199","author":"M Ortu\u00f1o","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ortu\u00f1o M, Nachum-Biala Y, Garc\u00eda-Bocanegra I, Resa M, Berriatua E, Baneth G. An epidemiological study in wild carnivores from Spanish Mediterranean ecosystems reveals association between Leishmania infantum, Babesia spp and Hepatozoon spp infection and new hosts for Hepatozoon martis, Hepatozoon canis and Sarcocystis spp. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2022;69:2110\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tbed.14199.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"6515_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10040386","author":"T Azagi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Azagi T, Jaarsma RI, Docters van Leeuwen A, Fonville M, Maas M, Franssen FFJ, et al. Circulation of Babesia species and their exposure to humans through Ixodes ricinus. Pathogens. 2021;10:386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens10040386.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"6515_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.01.017","author":"A Hod\u017ei\u0107","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hod\u017ei\u0107 A, Ali\u0107 A, Duscher GG. High diversity of blood-associated parasites and bacteria in European wild cats in Bosnia and Herzegovina: A molecular study. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2018;9:589\u201393.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.01.017.","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"6515_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.13.3.451","author":"MJ Homer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Homer MJ, Aguilar-Delfin I, Telford SR, Krause PJ, Persing DH. Babesiosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2000;13:451\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cmr.13.3.451.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"6515_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(74)90055-1","author":"MA Peirce","year":"1974","unstructured":"Peirce MA, Neal C. Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) pestanai in British badgers (Meles meles). Int J Parasitol. 1974;4:439\u201340.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0020-7519(74)90055-1.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"6515_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182021001190","author":"G Sgroi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sgroi G, Iatta R, Lia RP, Latrofa MS, Samarelli R, Camarda A, et al. Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) pestanai in Eurasian badgers (Meles meles) and Ixodidae ticks. Italy Parasitology. 2021;148:1516\u201321.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0031182021001190.","journal-title":"Italy Parasitology"},{"key":"6515_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1966414281","author":"JA Rioux","year":"1966","unstructured":"Rioux JA, Albaret JL, Bres A, Dumas A. Pr\u00e9sence de Trypanosoma pestanai Bettencourt et Fran\u00e7a, 1905 chez les Blaireaux du sud de la France. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp. 1966;41:281\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/parasite\/1966414281.","journal-title":"Ann Parasitol Hum Comp"},{"key":"6515_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2017.06.001","author":"V Dyachenko","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dyachenko V, Steinmann M, Bangoura B, Selzer M, Munderloh U, Daugschies A, et al. Co-infection of Trypanosoma pestanai and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in a dog from Germany. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Rep. 2017;9:110\u201314.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vprsr.2017.06.001.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Rep"},{"key":"6515_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016977","author":"R Lizundia","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lizundia R, Newman C, Buesching CD, Ngugi D, Blake D, Sin YW, et al. Evidence for a role of the host-specific flea (Paraceras melis) in the transmission of Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) pestanai to the European badger. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e16977.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0016977.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"6515_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11040420","author":"AM Ionic\u0103","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ionic\u0103 AM, Deak G, Boncea R, Gherman CM, Mihalca AD. The European badger as a new host for Dirofilaria immitis and an update on the distribution of the heartworm in wild carnivores from Romania. Pathogens. 2022;11:420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens11040420.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"6515_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2016.08.004","author":"V Kravchenko","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kravchenko V, Itin G, Kartashev V, Ermakov A, Kartashov S, Diosdado A, et al. Dirofilaria immitis and D repens in sylvatic reservoirs of Krasnodar Krai (Russian Federation). Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Rep. 2016;6:36\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vprsr.2016.08.004.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Rep"},{"key":"6515_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2018.02.022","author":"MR Lappin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lappin MR. Update on flea and tick associated diseases of cats. Vet Parasitol. 2018;254:26\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2018.02.022.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"6515_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.12.021","author":"D Otranto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Otranto D. Arthropod-borne pathogens of dogs and cats: From pathways and times of transmission to disease control. Vet Parasitol. 2018;251:68\u201377.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.12.021.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"6515_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2018.09.007","author":"J Mill\u00e1n","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mill\u00e1n J, Velarde R, Delicado V, Negre N, Ribas A, Oleaga \u00c1, et al. High diversity of hemotropic mycoplasmas in Iberian wild carnivores. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018;60:11\u20136.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cimid.2018.09.007.","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"6515_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/2013-09-229","author":"R Harasawa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Harasawa R, Orusa R, Giangaspero M. Molecular evidence for hemotropic Mycoplasma infection in a Japanese badger (Meles meles anakuma) and a raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus). J Wildl Dis. 2014;50:412\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/2013-09-229.","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"6515_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00293","author":"MR Andr\u00e9","year":"2018","unstructured":"Andr\u00e9 MR. Diversity of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia\/Neoehrlichia agents in terrestrial wild carnivores worldwide: Implications for human and domestic animal health and wildlife conservation. Front Vet Sci. 2018;5:293.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2018.00293.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"6515_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3126-8","author":"TR Hofmeester","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hofmeester TR, Krawczyk AI, van Leeuwen AD, Fonville M, Montizaan MGE, van den Berge K, et al. Role of mustelids in the life-cycle of ixodid ticks and transmission cycles of four tick-borne pathogens. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11:600.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-018-3126-8.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6515_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.05.012","author":"S Hornok","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hornok S, Horv\u00e1th G, Tak\u00e1cs N, Farkas R, Sz\u0151ke K, Kontsch\u00e1n J. Molecular evidence of a badger-associated Ehrlichia sp, a Candidatus Neoehrlichia lotoris-like genotype and Anaplasma marginale in dogs. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2018;9:1302\u20139.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.05.012.","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"6515_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.05938-11","author":"X Gerrikagoitia","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gerrikagoitia X, Gil H, Garc\u00eda-Esteban C, Anda P, Juste RA, Barral M. Presence of Bartonella species in wild carnivores of northern Spain. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012;78:885\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.05938-11.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"6515_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17420\/ap6803.468","author":"K Jurczyk","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jurczyk K, Bu\u0144kowska-Gawlik K, Perec-Matysiak A, Hildebrand J. Rickettsiae among mustelids\u2014new data from south-west Poland. Ann Parasitol. 2022;68:617\u201322.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17420\/ap6803.468.","journal-title":"Ann Parasitol"},{"key":"6515_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.008","author":"B Wodecka","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wodecka B, Michalik J, Lane RS, Nowak-Chmura M, Wierzbicka A. Differential associations of Borrelia species with European badgers (Meles meles) and raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in western Poland. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2016;7:1010\u20136.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.008.","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"6515_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1992.tb04467.x","author":"S Harris","year":"1992","unstructured":"Harris S, Cresswell WJ, Cheeseman CL. Age determination of badgers (Meles meles) from tooth wear: the need for a pragmatic approach. J Zool. 1992;228:679\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1992.tb04467.x.","journal-title":"J Zool"},{"key":"6515_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(03)00044-0","author":"A Criado-Fornelio","year":"2003","unstructured":"Criado-Fornelio A, Martinez-Marcos A, Buling-Sara\u00f1a A, Barba-Carretero JC. Presence of Mycoplasma haemofelis, Mycoplasma haemominutum and piroplasmids in cats from southern Europe: a molecular study. Vet Microbiol. 2003;93:307\u201317.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0378-1135(03)00044-0.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"6515_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2012.11.005","author":"GL Hamer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hamer GL, Anderson TK, Berry GE, Makohon-Moore AP, Crafton JC, Brawn JD, et al. Prevalence of filarioid nematodes and trypanosomes in American robins and house sparrows, Chicago USA. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. 2013;2:42\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2012.11.005.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl"},{"key":"6515_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.09.022","author":"R Jefferies","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jefferies R, Ryan UM, Irwin PJ. PCR\u2013RFLP for the detection and differentiation of the canine piroplasm species and its use with filter paper-based technologies. Vet Parasitol.2007;144:20\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.09.022.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"6515_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.38.5.1717-1722.2000","author":"WA Jensen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jensen WA, Fall MZ, Rooney J, Kordick DL, Breitschwerdt EB. Rapid identification and differentiation of Bartonella species using a single-step PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:1717\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.38.5.1717-1722.2000.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"6515_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90243-8","author":"P Parola","year":"2000","unstructured":"Parola P, Roux V, Camicas JL, Baradji I, Brouqui P, Raoult D. Detection of Ehrlichiae in African ticks by polymerase chain reaction. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000;94:707\u20138.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90243-8.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"6515_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05810-4","author":"M Pe\u00f1a-Espinoza","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1a-Espinoza M, Em D, Shahi-Barogh B, Berer D, Duscher GG, van der Vloedt L, et al. Molecular pathogen screening of louse flies (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) from domestic and wild ruminants in Austria. Parasit Vectors. 2023;16:179.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-023-05810-4.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6515_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07451.x","author":"L Vitorino","year":"2003","unstructured":"Vitorino L, Z\u00e9-Z\u00e9 L, Sousa A, Bacellar F, Tenreiro R. rRNA Intergenic spacer regions for phylogenetic analysis of Rickettsia species. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;990:726\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07451.x.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"6515_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.10.026","author":"DV Volokhov","year":"2011","unstructured":"Volokhov DV, Norris T, Rios C, Davidson MK, Messick JB, Gulland FM, et al. Novel hemotrophic mycoplasma identified in naturally infected California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Vet Microbiol. 2011;149:262\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.10.026.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"6515_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010","author":"K Katoh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Katoh K, Standley DM. MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: Improvements in performance and usability. Mol Biol Evol. 2013;30:772\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/mst010.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"6515_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr408","author":"R S\u00e1nchez","year":"2011","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez R, Serra F, T\u00e1rraga J, Medina I, Carbonell J, Pulido L, et al. Phylemon 20: a suite of web-tools for molecular evolution, phylogenetics, phylogenomics and hypotheses testing. Nucleic Acids Res. 2011;39:W470\u20134.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkr408.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"6515_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw256","author":"J Trifinopoulos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Trifinopoulos J, Nguyen LT, von Haeseler A, Minh BQ. W-IQ-TREE: a fast online phylogenetic tool for maximum likelihood analysis. Nucleic Acids Res. 2016;44:W232\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkw256.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"6515_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/sys029","author":"F Ronquist","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ronquist F, Teslenko M, van der Mark P, Ayres DL, Darling A, H\u00f6hna S, et al. MrBayes 32: efficient bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Syst Biol. 2012;61:539\u201342.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sysbio\/sys029.","journal-title":"Syst Biol"},{"key":"6515_CR58","unstructured":"Statistics Division of the United Nations Secretariat. Methodology. Standard country or area codes for statistical use (M49). 1999. https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/unsd\/methodology\/m49\/. Accessed 7 Mar 2024"},{"key":"6515_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lebourgeois F. Le blaireau europ\u00e9en (Meles meles L). Synth\u00e8se des connaissances europ\u00e9ennes. Partie 1. Choix de l\u2019habitat, structure et densit\u00e9 spatiale des terriers. Rev For Fr. 2020;72:11\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20870\/revforfr.2020.5305.","DOI":"10.20870\/revforfr.2020.5305"},{"key":"6515_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1088-7","author":"EJ Ideozu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ideozu EJ, Whiteoak AM, Tomlinson AJ, Robertson A, Delahay RJ, Hide G. High prevalence of trypanosomes in European badgers detected using ITS-PCR. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:480.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-015-1088-7.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6515_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101489","author":"A Garcia-Vozmediano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garcia-Vozmediano A, Krawczyk AI, Sprong H, Rossi L, Ramassa E, Tomassone L. Ticks climb the mountains: Ixodid tick infestation and infection by tick-borne pathogens in the Western Alps. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2020;11:101489.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101489.","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"6515_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-022-00688-w","author":"F Rubel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rubel F, Brugger K. Maps of ticks (Acari: Argasidae, Ixodidae) for Austria and South Tyrol. Italy Exp Appl Acarol. 2022;86:211\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10493-022-00688-w.","journal-title":"Italy Exp Appl Acarol"},{"key":"6515_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.02005-06","author":"B Willi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Willi B, Filoni C, Cat\u00e3o-Dias JL, Cattori V, Meli ML, Vargas A, et al. Worldwide occurrence of feline hemoplasma infections in wild felid species. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45:1159\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.02005-06.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"6515_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.06.029","author":"M Koneval","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koneval M, Miterp\u00e1kov\u00e1 M, Hurn\u00edkov\u00e1 Z, Bla\u0148arov\u00e1 L, V\u00edchov\u00e1 B. Neglected intravascular pathogens Babesia vulpes and haemotropic Mycoplasma spp in European red fox (Vulpes vulpes) population. Vet Parasitol. 2017;243:176\u201382.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.06.029.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"6515_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2022.08.012","author":"MS Unterk\u00f6fler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Unterk\u00f6fler MS, Harl J, Barogh BS, Spergser J, Hrazdilov\u00e1 K, M\u00fcller F, et al. Molecular analysis of blood-associated pathogens in European wildcats (Felis silvestris silvestris) from Germany. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. 2022;19:128\u201337.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2022.08.012.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl"},{"key":"6515_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/0036-7281\/a000055","author":"B Willi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Willi B, Novacco M, Meli M, Wolf-J\u00e4ckel G, Boretti F, Wengi N, et al. Haemotropic mycoplasmas of cats and dogs: transmission, diagnosis, prevalence and importance in Europe. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 2010;152:237\u201344.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1024\/0036-7281\/a000055.","journal-title":"Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd"},{"key":"6515_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-37079-z","author":"LG Huggins","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huggins LG, Baydoun Z, Mab R, Khouri Y, Schunack B, Traub RJ, et al. Transmission of haemotropic mycoplasma in the absence of arthropod vectors within a closed population of dogs on ectoparasiticides. Sci Rep. 2023;13:10143.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-37079-z.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"6515_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12081048","author":"I Azami-Conesa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Azami-Conesa I, P\u00e9rez-Moreno P, Matas M\u00e9ndez P, Sansano-Maestre J, Gonz\u00e1lez F, Mateo Barrientos M, et al. Occurrence of Leishmania infantum in wild mammals admitted to recovery centers in Spain. Pathogens. 2023;12:1048.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens12081048.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"6515_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2013.12.001","author":"L Del R\u00edo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Del R\u00edo L, Chitimia L, Cubas A, Victoriano I, De la R\u00faa P, Gerrikagoitia X, et al. Evidence for widespread Leishmania infantum infection among wild carnivores in L. infantum periendemic northern Spain. Prev Vet Med. 2014;113:430\u20135.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2013.12.001.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"6515_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2022.09.002","author":"A Magri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Magri A, Bianchi C, Chmelov\u00e0 L, Caffara M, Galuppi R, Fioravanti M, et al. Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) are a novel potential reservoir for human visceral leishmaniasis in the Emilia-Romagna region of northeastern Italy. Int J Parasitol. 2022;52:745\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpara.2022.09.002.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"6515_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11111308","author":"R Taddei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Taddei R, Bregoli A, Galletti G, Carra E, Fiorentini L, Fontana MC, et al. Wildlife hosts of Leishmania infantum in a re-emerging focus of human Leishmaniasis, in Emilia-Romagna, northeast Italy. Pathogens. 2022;11:1308.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens11111308.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"6515_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2706.210239","author":"E Berriatua","year":"2021","unstructured":"Berriatua E, Maia C, Concei\u00e7\u00e3o C, \u00d6zbel Y, T\u00f6z S, Baneth G, et al. Leishmaniases in the European Union and neighboring countries. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27:1723\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2706.210239.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"6515_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/AVet.2014.021","author":"D Cirovi\u0107","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cirovi\u0107 D, Penezi\u0107 A, Pavlovi\u0107 I, Kuli\u0161i\u0107 Z, Cosi\u0107 N, Burazerovi\u0107 J, et al. First records of Dirofilaria repens in wild canids from the region of Central Balkan. Acta Vet Hung. 2014;62:481\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/AVet.2014.021.","journal-title":"Acta Vet Hung"},{"key":"6515_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2016.499","author":"L Ciuc\u0103","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ciuc\u0103 L, Musella V, Miron LD, Maurelli MP, Cringoli G, Bosco A, et al. Geographic distribution of canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in stray dogs of eastern Romania. Geospat Health. 2016;11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/gh.2016.499.","journal-title":"Geospat Health"},{"key":"6515_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06478-5","author":"R Farkas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Farkas R, Mag V, Gyurkovszky M, Tak\u00e1cs N, V\u00f6r\u00f6s K, Solymosi N. The current situation of canine dirofilariosis in Hungary. Parasitol Res. 2020;119:129\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-019-06478-5.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"6515_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2269-3","author":"AM Ionic\u0103","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ionic\u0103 AM, Matei IA, D\u2019Amico G, Ababii J, Daskalaki AA, S\u00e1ndor AD, et al. Filarioid infections in wild carnivores: a multispecies survey in Romania. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-017-2269-3.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6515_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2020.04.002","author":"R Panarese","year":"2020","unstructured":"Panarese R, Iatta R, Latrofa MS, Zatelli A, Ignjatovi\u0107 \u0106upina A, Montarsi F, et al. Hyperendemic Dirofilaria immitis infection in a sheltered dog population: an expanding threat in the Mediterranean region. Int J Parasitol. 2020;50:555\u20139.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpara.2020.04.002.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"6515_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10101268","author":"HP Fuehrer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fuehrer HP, Morelli S, Unterk\u00f6fler MS, Bajer A, Bakran-Lebl K, Dwu\u017cnik-Szarek D, et al. Dirofilaria spp and Angiostrongylus vasorum current risk of spreading in central and northern Europe. Pathogens. 2021;10:1268.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens10101268.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"6515_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2022.101961","author":"A del Cerro","year":"2022","unstructured":"del Cerro A, Oleaga A, Somoano A, Barandika JF, Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez AL, Esp\u00ed A. Molecular identification of tick-borne pathogens (Rickettsia spp., Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Coxiella burnetii and piroplasms) in questing and feeding hard ticks from North-Western Spain. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2022;13:101961.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2022.101961.","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"6515_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12827","author":"G Greco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Greco G, Zarea AAK, Sgroi G, Tempesta M, D\u2019Alessio N, Lanave G, et al. Zoonotic Bartonella species in Eurasian wolves and other free-ranging wild mammals from Italy. Zoonoses Public Health. 2021;68:316\u201326.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/zph.12827.","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"6515_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2009.00830.x","author":"FJ M\u00e1rquez","year":"2009","unstructured":"M\u00e1rquez FJ, Mill\u00e1n J, Rodr\u00edguez-Li\u00e9bana JJ, Garc\u00eda-Egea I, Muniain MA. Detection and identification of Bartonella sp. in fleas from carnivorous mammals in Andalusia Spain. Med Vet Entomol. 2009;23:393\u20138.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2009.00830.x.","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"6515_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06536","author":"KE Jones","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jones KE, Patel NG, Levy MA, Storeygard A, Balk D, Gittleman JL, et al. Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature. 2008;451:990\u20133.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature06536.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"6515_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1412.080964","author":"A Pires dos Santos","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pires dos Santos A, Pires dos Santos R, Biondo AW, Dora JM, Goldani LZ, Tostes de Oliveira S, et al. Hemoplasma infection in HIV-positive patient Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:1922\u20134.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1412.080964.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"6515_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir666","author":"JA Steer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Steer JA, Tasker S, Barker EN, Jensen J, Mitchell J, Stocki T, et al. A novel hemotropic Mycoplasma (hemoplasma) in a patient with hemolytic anemia and pyrexia. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53:e147\u201351.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/cir666.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"6515_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01029-10","author":"JE Sykes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sykes JE, Lindsay LL, Maggi RG, Breitschwerdt EB. Human coinfection with Bartonella henselae and two hemotropic Mycoplasma variants resembling Mycoplasma ovis. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:3782\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.01029-10.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"6515_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110038","author":"S Brugueras","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brugueras S, Fern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00ednez B, Mart\u00ednez-de la Puente J, Figuerola J, Porro TM, Rius C, et al. Environmental drivers, climate change and emergent diseases transmitted by mosquitoes and their vectors in southern Europe: A systematic review. Environ Res. 2020;191:110038.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110038.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"6515_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14025","author":"R Panarese","year":"2022","unstructured":"Panarese R, Iatta R, Beugnet F, Otranto D. Incidence of Dirofilaria immitis and Leishmania infantum infections in sheltered dogs from southern Italy. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2022;69:891\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tbed.14025.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"6515_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2994-2","author":"MP Maurelli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maurelli MP, Pepe P, Colombo L, Armstrong R, Battisti E, Morgoglione ME, et al. A national survey of Ixodidae ticks on privately owned dogs in Italy. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11:420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-018-2994-2.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6515_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-2","author":"D Otranto","year":"2010","unstructured":"Otranto D, Dantas-Torres F. Canine and feline vector-borne diseases in Italy: current situation and perspectives. Parasit Vectors. 2010;3:2.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-3305-3-2.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6515_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2021.101669","author":"G Sgroi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sgroi G, Iatta R, Veneziano V, Bezerra-Santos MA, Lesiczka P, Hrazdilov\u00e1 K, et al. Molecular survey on tick-borne pathogens and Leishmania infantum in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from southern Italy. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2021;12:101669.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2021.101669.","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"6515_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13313","author":"ME Ascencio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ascencio ME, Sarmiento NF, Schnittger L, Florin-Christensen M, Rodriguez AE. Molecular diagnosis of Leishmania spp in dogs of a subtropical locality of Argentina. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2020;67:106\u201310.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tbed.13313.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"6515_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-51173-w","author":"K Beus","year":"2024","unstructured":"Beus K, Goudarztalejerdi A, Sazmand A. Molecular detection and identification of hemotropic Mycoplasma species in dogs and their ectoparasites in Iran. Sci Rep. 2024;14:580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-51173-w.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"6515_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218609","author":"H Hakimi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hakimi H, Sarani A, Takeda M, Kaneko O, Asada M. Epidemiology, risk factors, and co-infection of vector-borne pathogens in goats from Sistan and Baluchestan province Iran. PLoS One. 2019;14:e0218609.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0218609.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"6515_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0915","author":"V Mircean","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mircean V, Dumitrache MO, Gy\u00f6rke A, Pantchev N, Jodies R, Mihalca AD, et al. Seroprevalence and geographic distribution of Dirofilaria immitis and tick-borne infections (Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, and Ehrlichia canis) in dogs from Romania. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2012;12:595\u2013604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/vbz.2011.0915.","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"6515_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.09.069","author":"M Novacco","year":"2010","unstructured":"Novacco M, Meli ML, Gentilini F, Marsilio F, Ceci C, Pennisi MG, et al. Prevalence and geographical distribution of canine hemotropic mycoplasma infections in Mediterranean countries and analysis of risk factors for infection. Vet Microbiol. 2010;142:276\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.09.069.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"6515_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-06046-y","author":"S Villanueva-Saz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Villanueva-Saz S, Mart\u00ednez M, Nijhof AM, Gerst B, Gentil M, M\u00fcller E. Molecular survey on vector-borne pathogens in clinically healthy stray cats in Zaragoza (Spain). Parasit Vectors. 2023;16:428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-023-06046-y.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06515-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06515-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06515-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T20:03:19Z","timestamp":1730750599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06515-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6515"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06515-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 September 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 November 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"According to national animal protection laws, only samples from animals that died due to natural causes, external causes (e.g., roadkill) were examined. As the project did not involve live animals or animal experiments, nor did it involve sensitive patient data, the study does not have to be reported to the Ethics and Animal Welfare Committee (ETK) according to point 1.2 and 1.3 of the guidelines regarding Good Scientific Practice (Ethics in Science and Research) of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"451"}}