{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T16:45:47Z","timestamp":1786639547120,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732060800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Eggs of anopheline mosquitoes hatch within a few days of laying and require high levels of humidity to survive. Assessing natural variation in egg hatching and its environmental and genetic determinants in sibling species of the malaria vector <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic> s.l. is important for understanding their adaptation to variable aquatic habitats. Crucially, it can also inform insectary rearing practices toward the optimization of mosquito production for genetic vector control strategies.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Hatching rates and timing of egg hatching in long-established and recently colonized strains of <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic> s.s, <jats:italic>Anopheles arabiensis<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Anopheles coluzzii<\/jats:italic>, were compared under still water conditions (26\u00a0\u2103) and with cold (4\u00a0\u2103) and (15\u00a0\u2103) water agitation regimes. Next, early and late hatching strains of the recently colonized <jats:italic>An. coluzzii<\/jats:italic> VK colony were generated through bidirectional selection for 18\u201323 generations to detect a genetic component for this trait.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Hatching rates differed significantly between species and treatments. The older <jats:italic>An. arabiensis<\/jats:italic> Senn and <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic> s.s. Kisumu strains had the highest proportion of hatching and preferred the nonagitation treatment at 26\u00a0\u00b0C. In contrast, the more recently colonized <jats:italic>An. coluzzii<\/jats:italic> VK and <jats:italic>An. arabiensis<\/jats:italic> Rufisque strains had lower overall hatching success but responded strongly to agitation at 4\u00a0\u00b0C, while the <jats:italic>An. coluzzii<\/jats:italic> Mopti strain did not significantly respond to water agitation. In all strains, eggs hatching started at day 2 and continued till day 5 in the older strains, whilst it was more staggered and extended up to day 6 in the younger strains. Bidirectional selection for early and late hatching over many generations resulted in early hatching selected strains with eggs hatching 2\u20133\u00a0days earlier than in late hatching ones indicating a significant heritable component for these traits.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Water agitation and temperature and age of colonization are likely important determinants of egg hatching in natural <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic> s.l. populations. Current rearing protocols systematically select for fast hatching and result in the progressive loss of staggered egg hatching in older laboratory strains. The selection of novel slow-hatching strains may prove instrumental to enable the mass production, shipping, and release of <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes across Africa as part of genetic vector control programs.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06533-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T11:48:42Z","timestamp":1732103322000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Natural variation in timing of egg hatching, response to water agitation, and bidirectional selection of early and late hatching strains of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae sensu lato"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Emmanuel Chinweuba","family":"Ottih","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederic","family":"Tripet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"6533_CR1","first-page":"477","volume":"40","author":"YT Toure","year":"1998","unstructured":"Toure YT, Petrarca V, Traore SF, Coulibaly A, Maiga HM, Sankare O, et al. 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