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Buenos Aires Province is the biggest and most populated district in Argentina, suffering dengue outbreaks of growing magnitude. During epidemic periods, pyrethroid insecticides are used in this country to control adult mosquitoes. Pyrethroid resistance in dengue vectors has been reported worldwide, making it necessary to implement resistance management strategies. The voltage-gated sodium channel is the target site of pyrethroids. Mutations in the gene encoding this protein, called\n                      <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutations, are usually the molecular cause of pyrethroid resistance in insects. In\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      from the Americas, three\n                      <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                      substitutions were described: V410L, V1016I, and F1534C. The diagnostic of\n                      <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutations is recommended for the early detection of pyrethroid resistance as well as the consequent planning of evidence-based control policies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We distributed ovitraps across 16 localities in Buenos Aires Province, collecting 22,123 eggs. A total of 522 mosquitoes were genotyped in positions 1016 and 1534 of voltage-gated channel using multiplex high-resolution melting and\/or TaqMan probe methods. A subset of 449 samples was also genotyped by a singleplex high-resolution melting method developed ad hoc and\/or Sanger sequencing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We have documented, for the first time to our knowledge in the central region of Argentina, the presence of the 1016Ikdr\u2009+\u20091534Ckdr allele. Additionally, our study reports the first identification of the V410L mutation in central Argentina. These results underscore a growing trend of pyrethroid resistance in\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      , fueled by the widespread use of these insecticides.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We detected 1016Ikdr\u2009+\u20091534Ckdr and 410Lkdr mutations in central Argentina for the first time and improved the processivity and accuracy of\n                      <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                      genotyping methods. The results are both a tool for resistance monitoring and a sign of alarm to direct efforts towards finding sustainable methods for vector control to complement or replace pyrethroids. Joint efforts between academia and authorities to develop and implement public policies for vector control are a productive way to transfer scientific results for their application in public health.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06547-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,9]],"date-time":"2024-11-09T00:43:57Z","timestamp":1731113037000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Monitoring of pyrethroid resistance in Aedes aegypti: first report of double and triple kdr mutations in Buenos Aires Province"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Alberto N.","family":"Barrera-Illanes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Ledesma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agustin","family":"Alvarez-Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agust\u00edn","family":"Balsalobre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Corina Juliana","family":"Toloza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agust\u00edn","family":"Hernandez-Maiztegui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Jait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Sierra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Victoria","family":"Micieli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Manteca-Acosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheila","family":"Ons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"6547_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2001.00693.x","volume":"6","author":"AE Carbajo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Carbajo AE, Schweigmann N, Curto SI, De Gar\u00edn A, Bejar\u00e1n R. 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Biosecurity considerations were in agreement with CONICET resolution 1619\/2008, which is in accordance with the WHO Biosecurity Handbook (ISBN 92 4 354 6503). The collection of eggs and maintenance of mosquitoes were performed in agreement with the Argentinean National Health Ministry ethics requirements; an internal ethic board approved all the protocols. Consent to participate is not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All the authors of this manuscript\/paper have read and agreed to the\/its content and publication. This article is original; authors consent to the BiomMed Central Copyright and License Agreement.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"458"}}