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However, the roles of specific components in immune modulation, such as asparagine endopeptidase, remain unknown.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The transcriptional abundance of members of the asparagine endopeptidase family (also known as the legumain family) from <jats:italic>F. gigantica<\/jats:italic> was analyzed. Two highly transcribed asparagine endopeptidases in metacercariae, juveniles and adults were cloned, and their recombinant proteins\u2014recombinant <jats:italic>F. gigantica<\/jats:italic> legumain (r<jats:italic>Fg<\/jats:italic>LGMN-1) and (r<jats:italic>Fg<\/jats:italic>LGMN-2)\u2014were expressed in prokaryotic expression system. Their regulatory effects on buffalo peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), including proliferation, migration, total nitric oxide (NO) production, cytokine secretion, and phagocytosis were explored in vitro.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Ten members of the legumain family were detected in <jats:italic>F. gigantica<\/jats:italic>, among of\u00a0which <jats:italic>Fg<\/jats:italic>LGMN-1 and <jats:italic>Fg<\/jats:italic>LGMN-2 exhibited high transcription levels in juveniles and adults. The isolation of sequences indicated that <jats:italic>Fg<\/jats:italic>LGMN-1 encodes 409 amino acids, while <jats:italic>Fg<\/jats:italic>LGMN-2 encodes 403 amino acids. Both recombinant <jats:italic>Fg<\/jats:italic>LGMN-1 (r<jats:italic>Fg<\/jats:italic>LGMN-1) and r<jats:italic>Fg<\/jats:italic>LGMN-2 were recognized by serum from buffaloes infected with <jats:italic>F. gigantica<\/jats:italic>. Both r<jats:italic>Fg<\/jats:italic>LGMN-1 and r<jats:italic>Fg<\/jats:italic>LGMN-2 inhibited the proliferation of PBMCs, and r<jats:italic>Fg<\/jats:italic>LGMN-1 also inhibited the migration of PBMCs. While r<jats:italic>Fg<\/jats:italic>LGMN-1 increased the production of total NO, r<jats:italic>Fg<\/jats:italic>LGMN-2 decreased NO production. Both r<jats:italic>Fg<\/jats:italic>LGMN-1 and r<jats:italic>Fg<\/jats:italic>LGMN-2 increased the transcription of the cytokines interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor \u03b2. The effect of r<jats:italic>Fg<\/jats:italic>LGMN-1 and r<jats:italic>Fg<\/jats:italic>LGMN-2 on the phagocytosis of PBMCs varied depending on their concentrations.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>r<jats:italic>Fg<\/jats:italic>LGMN-1 and r<jats:italic>Fg<\/jats:italic>LGMN-2 modulate several cellular and immunological functions of PBMCs, and exhibited distinct regulatory effects on these in vitro, which indicated that they may play roles in immune modulation and facilitate fluke development. However, due to uncertainties associated with in vitro experiments, further studies are necessary to elucidate the precise functions of these legumains.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06570-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T17:59:18Z","timestamp":1734544758000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Immune modulation of buffalo peripheral blood mononuclear cells by two asparaginyl endopeptidases from Fasciola gigantica"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Dong-Qi","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-Feng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Ting","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Da","family":"Di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"6570_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4589-6","volume":"114","author":"K Meemon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Meemon K, Sobhon P. 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