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The sand fly <jats:italic>Phlebotomus argentipes<\/jats:italic> is the only proven vector of VL in the Southeast Asia region, and VL control in this region has relied on the use of synthetic insecticides for indoor residual spraying (IRS). The use of DDT in VL control programmes has led to the development of resistance to this insecticide in sand flies, resulting in DDT being replaced with the insecticide alpha-cypermethrin. However, alpha-cypermethrin has a similar mode of action as DDT and, therefore, the risk of resistance development in sand flies increases under the pressure of regular exposure to this insecticide. In the present study we assessed the susceptibility status of wild-caught sand flies and F1 progeny using the CDC bottle bioassay.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Sand flies were collected from 10 villages in Muzaffarpur District, Bihar, India. Eight of these villages are receiving continuous IRS with alpha-cypermethrin, one village had discontinued IRS with alpha-cypermethrin and one village had never received IRS with alpha-cypermethrin. The collected sand flies were exposed to a pre-determined diagnostic dose for a specific time duration (3\u00a0\u00b5g\/ml for 40\u00a0min), and knockdown and mortality at 24\u00a0h post-exposure were recorded.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Knockdown ranged from 91.19% to 99.47% for wild-caught sand flies and from 91.70% to 98.89% for their F1 progeny. At 24\u00a0h post-exposure, mortality ranged from 89.34% to 98.93% for wild-caught sand flies and from 90.16% to 98.33% for F1 progeny.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The results of this study showed that <jats:italic>P. argentipes<\/jats:italic> is potentially developing resistance, signalling the need for continuous monitoring and vigilance to sustain the validation of elimination once achieved.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06579-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T12:20:24Z","timestamp":1733401224000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Monitoring alpha-cypermethrin susceptibility of Phlebotomus argentipes, the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in India, using the CDC bottle bioassay"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Rahul","family":"Chaubey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anurag Kumar","family":"Kushwaha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shakti Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Om Prakash","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajiv","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip","family":"Lawyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgar","family":"Rowton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine A.","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott A.","family":"Bernhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shyam","family":"Sundar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"6579_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-016-0200-3","volume":"5","author":"RC Dhiman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dhiman RC, Yadav RS. 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Informed verbal consent was obtained from the household and cattle shed owners before the installation of light traps for sand fly collection.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participant"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"503"}}