{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:10:30Z","timestamp":1791227430102,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736380800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian Government Research Training Program"},{"name":"Australian Research Council Discovery Project Grant","award":["DP180100246"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP180100246"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a World Health Organization goal, with several countries at or near prevalence thresholds. Where LF cases remain after mass drug administration, they tend to be spatially clustered, with an overdispersed individual worm burden. Both individual and spatial heterogeneities can cause aggregation of infection; however, few studies have investigated the drivers of heterogeneity and implications for disease elimination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used a spatially explicit lymphatic filariasis model to investigate LF transmission in American Samoa at three spatial scales\u00a0\u2013\u00a0a territory-level model, a village model with 64 groups and a subvillage model with 316 groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To reproduce American Samoan survey data, models with less spatial structure required increased individual-level bite aggregation. Threshold behaviour was present in the territory model but less evident in the models with spatial structure. As such, mass drug administration was most effective in the territory model, while in the spatially structured models, successive rounds of mass drug administration only gradually increased the likelihood of elimination. With the addition of spatial structure, residual infections remained in limited groups, and infection resurgence was slowed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Due to the impacts on potential intervention and surveillance strategies, it is critical that studies incorporate individual and spatial sources of heterogeneity to accurately model transmission and inform potential policy decisions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06582-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T21:23:30Z","timestamp":1736371410000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The effects of variable spatial aggregation on lymphatic filariasis transmission"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Callum","family":"Shaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angus","family":"McLure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Glass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"6582_CR1","volume-title":"Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: progress report 2022","author":"World Health Organization: Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases","year":"2023","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases. Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: progress report 2022. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023."},{"issue":"1","key":"6582_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05268-w","volume":"15","author":"HC Turner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Turner HC, Ottesen EA, Bradley MH. A refined and updated health impact assessment of the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (2000\u20132020). Parasites Vectors. 2022;15(1):181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-022-05268-w.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"6582_CR3","volume-title":"Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: progress report 2020","author":"World Health Organization: Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases","year":"2021","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases. Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: progress report 2020. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021."},{"key":"6582_CR4","volume-title":"Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals a road map for neglected tropical diseases","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals a road map for neglected tropical diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020."},{"key":"6582_CR5","volume-title":"Guideline alternative mass drug administration regimens to eliminate lymphatic filariasis","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2017","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guideline alternative mass drug administration regimens to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017."},{"key":"6582_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198545996.001.0001","volume-title":"Infectious diseases of humans: dynamics and control","author":"RM Anderson","year":"1991","unstructured":"Anderson RM, May RM. Infectious diseases of humans: dynamics and control. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1991."},{"issue":"7","key":"6582_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006583","volume":"12","author":"M Sheel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sheel M, Sheridan S, Gass K, Won K, Fuimaono S, Kirk M, et\u00a0al. Identifying residual transmission of lymphatic filariasis after mass drug administration: comparing school-based versus community-based surveillance-American Samoa, 2016. PLoS Neglected Tropical Dis. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006583.","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"6582_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006066","volume":"11","author":"RU Rao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rao RU, Samarasekera SD, Nagodavithana KC, Dassanayaka TD, Punchihewa MW, Ranasinghe US, et\u00a0al. Reassessment of areas with persistent Lymphatic Filariasis nine years after cessation of mass drug administration in Sri Lanka. PLoS Neglected Tropical Dis. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006066.","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"6582_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002874","volume":"3","author":"M Gambhir","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gambhir M, Michael E. Complex ecological dynamics and eradicability of the vector borne macroparasitic disease, lymphatic filariasis. PLoS One. 2008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0002874.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"6582_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-8-22","volume":"8","author":"M Gambhir","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gambhir M, Bockarie M, Tisch D, Kazura J, Remais J, Spear R, et\u00a0al. Geographic and ecologic heterogeneity in elimination thresholds for the major vector-borne helminthic disease, lymphatic filariasis. BMC Biology. 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1741-7007-8-22.","journal-title":"BMC Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"6582_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1152-3","volume":"8","author":"MA Irvine","year":"2015","unstructured":"Irvine MA, Reimer LJ, Njenga SM, Gunawardena S, Kelly-Hope L, Bockarie M, et\u00a0al. Modelling strategies to break transmission of lymphatic filariasis-aggregation, adherence and vector competence greatly alter elimination. Parasites Vectors. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-015-1152-3.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"issue":"11","key":"6582_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2019.08.003","volume":"35","author":"EL Davis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Davis EL, Reimer LJ, Pellis L, Hollingsworth TD. Evaluating the evidence for lymphatic filariasis elimination. Trends Parasitology. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2019.08.003.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitology"},{"issue":"3","key":"6582_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010262","volume":"16","author":"K Wangdi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wangdi K, Sheel M, Fuimaono S, Graves PM, Lau CL. Lymphatic filariasis in 2016 in American Samoa: identifying clustering and hotspots using non-spatial and three spatial analytical methods. PLoS Neglected Trop Dis. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010262.","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"6582_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009927","volume":"5","author":"D De Souza","year":"2010","unstructured":"De Souza D, Kelly-Hope L, Lawson B, Wilson M, Boakye D. Environmental factors associated with the distribution of Anopheles gambiae ss in Ghana; an important vector of lymphatic filariasis and malaria. PloS One. 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0009927.","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"6582_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000481","volume":"3","author":"ST Stoddard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stoddard ST, Morrison AC, Vazquez-Prokopec GM, Paz Soldan V, Kochel TJ, Kitron U, et\u00a0al. The role of human movement in the transmission of vector-borne pathogens. PLoS Neglected Tropical Dis. 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000481.","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"6582_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003327","volume":"9","author":"TA Perkins","year":"2013","unstructured":"Perkins TA, Scott TW, Le Menach A, Smith DL. Heterogeneity, mixing, and the spatial scales of mosquito-borne pathogen transmission. PLoS Comput Biol. 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003327.","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"6582_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3428-5","author":"CB Chesnais","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chesnais CB, Awaca-Uvon NP, Vlaminck J, Tambwe JP, Weil GJ, Pion SD, et\u00a0al. Risk factors for lymphatic filariasis in two villages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Parasites Vectors. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3428-5.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"6582_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(93)90002-S","volume":"53","author":"DB Evans","year":"1993","unstructured":"Evans DB, Gelband H, Vlassoff C. Social and economic factors and the control of lymphatic filariasis: a review. Acta Tropica. 1993. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0001-706X(93)90002-S.","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"issue":"285","key":"6582_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20172253","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2017.2253","volume":"2018","author":"MA Irvine","year":"1871","unstructured":"Irvine MA, Kazura JW, Hollingsworth TD, Reimer LJ. Understanding heterogeneities in mosquito-bite exposure and infection distributions for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis. Proc Royal Soc B Biol Sci. 1871. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2017.2253.","journal-title":"Proc Royal Soc B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"6582_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006763","volume":"4","author":"B Adams","year":"2009","unstructured":"Adams B, Kapan DD. Man bites mosquito: understanding the contribution of human movement to vector-borne disease dynamics. PloS One. 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0006763.","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"6582_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2009.02.016","volume":"258","author":"C Cosner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cosner C, Beier JC, Cantrell RS, Impoinvil D, Kapitanski L, Potts MD, et\u00a0al. The effects of human movement on the persistence of vector-borne diseases. J Theoret Biol. 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtbi.2009.02.016.","journal-title":"J Theoret Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"6582_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127552","volume":"10","author":"MA Acevedo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Acevedo MA, Prosper O, Lopiano K, Ruktanonchai N, Caughlin TT, Martcheva M, et\u00a0al. Spatial heterogeneity, host movement and mosquito-borne disease transmission. PLoS One. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0127552.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"6582_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2018.12.003","volume":"27","author":"Z Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu Z, Graves PM, Lau CL, Clements A, Geard N, Glass K. GEOFIL: A spatially-explicit agent-based modelling framework for predicting the long-term transmission dynamics of lymphatic filariasis in American Samoa. Epidemics. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.epidem.2018.12.003.","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"6582_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2022.100591","author":"A McLure","year":"2022","unstructured":"McLure A, Graves PM, Lau C, Shaw C, Glass K. Modelling lymphatic filariasis elimination in American Samoa: GEOFIL predicts need for new targets and six rounds of mass drug administration. Epidemics. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.epidem.2022.100591.","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"6582_CR25","unstructured":"Samoa Bureau of Statistics and Ministry of Commerce Industry and Labour. 2012 Samoa Labour Force Survey. Government of Samoa; 2012."},{"issue":"7392","key":"6582_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10856","volume":"484","author":"F Simini","year":"2012","unstructured":"Simini F, Gonz\u00e1lez MC, Maritan A, Barab\u00e1si AL. A universal model for mobility and migration patterns. Nature. 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature10856.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"6582_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S143","DOI":"10.1179\/000349802125002509","volume":"96","author":"G Pichon","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pichon G. Limitation and facilitation in the vectors and other aspects of the dynamics of filarial transmission: the need for vector control against Anopheles-transmitted fi filariasis. Ann Trop Med Parasit. 2002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/000349802125002509.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasit"},{"issue":"1","key":"6582_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0269-283X.2004.0470.x","volume":"18","author":"W Stolk","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stolk W, Van Oortmarssen G, Subramanian S, Das P, Borsboom G, Habbema J, et\u00a0al. Assessing density dependence in the transmission of lymphatic filariasis: uptake and development of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae in the vector mosquitoes. Med Veterinary Entomol. 2004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0269-283X.2004.0470.x.","journal-title":"Med Veterinary Entomol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6582_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2006.00629.x","volume":"20","author":"L Snow","year":"2006","unstructured":"Snow L, Bockarie M, Michael E. Transmission dynamics of lymphatic filariasis: vector-specific density dependence in the development of Wuchereria bancrofti infective larvae in mosquitoes. Med Veterinary Entomol. 2006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2006.00629.x.","journal-title":"Med Veterinary Entomol"},{"issue":"11","key":"6582_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003297","volume":"8","author":"CL Lau","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lau CL, Won KY, Becker L, Magalhaes RJS, Fuimaono S, Melrose W, et\u00a0al. Seroprevalence and spatial epidemiology of lymphatic filariasis in American Samoa after successful mass drug administration. PLoS Neglected Trop Dis. 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003297.","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"6582_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008916","volume":"14","author":"CL Lau","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lau CL, Sheel M, Gass K, Fuimaono S, David MC, Won KY, et\u00a0al. Potential strategies for strengthening surveillance of lymphatic filariasis in American Samoa after mass drug administration: Reducing \u2018number needed to test\u2019by targeting older age groups, hotspots, and household members of infected persons. PLoS Neglected Trop Dis. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008916.","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop Dis"},{"key":"6582_CR32","volume-title":"The PacELF way: towards the elimination of lymphatic filariasis from the Pacific 1999\u20132005","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2006","unstructured":"World Health Organization. The PacELF way: towards the elimination of lymphatic filariasis from the Pacific 1999\u20132005. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006."},{"issue":"10","key":"6582_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006624","volume":"12","author":"AS de Vos","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Vos AS, Stolk WA, de Vlas SJ, Coffeng LE. The effect of assortative mixing on stability of low helminth transmission levels and on the impact of mass drug administration: Model explorations for onchocerciasis. PLoS Neglected Trop Dis. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006624.","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"6582_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.11.011","volume":"21","author":"HP Duerr","year":"2005","unstructured":"Duerr HP, Dietz K, Eichner M. Determinants of the eradicability of filarial infections: a conceptual approach. Trends Parasitol. 2005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2004.11.011.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"6582_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0557-y","volume":"14","author":"E Michael","year":"2016","unstructured":"Michael E, Singh BK. Heterogeneous dynamics, robustness\/fragility trade-offs, and the eradication of the macroparasitic disease, lymphatic filariasis. BMC Med. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-016-0557-y.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"6582_CR36","volume-title":"Lymphatic filariasis: Training in monitoring and epidemiological assessment of mass drug administration for eliminating lymphatic filariasis","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2013","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Lymphatic filariasis: Training in monitoring and epidemiological assessment of mass drug administration for eliminating lymphatic filariasis. Learners\u2019 guide: World Health Organization; 2013."},{"issue":"10","key":"6582_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005610","volume":"11","author":"JR Harris","year":"2017","unstructured":"Harris JR, Wiegand RE. Detecting infection hotspots: modeling the surveillance challenge for elimination of lymphatic filariasis. PLoS Neglected Trop Dis. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005610.","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"6582_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010150","volume":"16","author":"N Kostandova","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kostandova N, Desir L, Direny A, Knipes A, Lemoine JF, Fayette CR, et\u00a0al. Simulating the effect of evaluation unit size on eligibility to stop mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis in Haiti. PLOS Neglected Trop Dis. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010150.","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Trop Dis"},{"key":"6582_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz647","author":"JM Prada","year":"2020","unstructured":"Prada JM, Davis EL, Touloupou P, Stolk WA, Kontoroupis P, Smith ME, et\u00a0al. Elimination or resurgence: modelling lymphatic filariasis after reaching the 1% microfilaremia prevalence threshold. J Infect Dis. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiz647.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"6582_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trx007","volume":"110","author":"NK Biritwum","year":"2016","unstructured":"Biritwum NK, Yikpotey P, Marfo BK, Odoom S, Mensah EO, Asiedu O, et\u00a0al. Persistent \u2018hotspots\u2019 of lymphatic filariasis microfilaraemia despite 14 years of mass drug administration in Ghana. Trans Royal Soc Trop Med Hygiene. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/trstmh\/trx007.","journal-title":"Trans Royal Soc Trop Med Hygiene"},{"issue":"1","key":"6582_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011932","volume":"18","author":"PK Mehta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mehta PK, Maharjan M. Assessment of microfilaremia in \u2018hotspots\u2019 of four lymphatic filariasis endemic districts of Nepal during post-MDA surveillance. PLOS Neglected Trop Dis. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011932.","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Trop Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"6582_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005914","volume":"11","author":"CL Lau","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lau CL, Sheridan S, Ryan S, Roineau M, Andreosso A, Fuimaono S, et\u00a0al. Detecting and confirming residual hotspots of lymphatic filariasis transmission in American Samoa 8 years after stopping mass drug administration. PLoS Neglected Trop Dis. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005914.","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"6582_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3996-4","volume":"13","author":"PM Graves","year":"2020","unstructured":"Graves PM, Sheridan S, Fuimaono S, Lau CL. Demographic, socioeconomic and disease knowledge factors, but not population mobility, associated with lymphatic filariasis infection in adult workers in American Samoa in 2014. Parasites Vectors. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-020-3996-4.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"6582_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007862","volume":"14","author":"S Subramanian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Subramanian S, Jambulingam P, Krishnamoorthy K, Sivagnaname N, Sadanandane C, Vasuki V, et\u00a0al. Molecular xenomonitoring as a post-MDA surveillance tool for global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: field validation in an evaluation unit in India. PLoS Neglected Trop Dis. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007862.","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"6582_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005108","volume":"10","author":"CL Lau","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lau CL, Won KY, Lammie PJ, Graves PM. Lymphatic filariasis elimination in American Samoa: evaluation of molecular xenomonitoring as a surveillance tool in the endgame. PLoS Neglected Trop Dis. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005108.","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"6582_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7080203","volume":"7","author":"B McPherson","year":"2022","unstructured":"McPherson B, Mayfield HJ, McLure A, Gass K, Naseri T, Thomsen R, et\u00a0al. Evaluating molecular xenomonitoring as a tool for lymphatic filariasis surveillance in Samoa, 2018\u20132019. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed7080203.","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"6582_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008289","volume":"14","author":"N Riches","year":"2020","unstructured":"Riches N, Badia-Rius X, Mzilahowa T, Kelly-Hope LA. A systematic review of alternative surveillance approaches for lymphatic filariasis in low prevalence settings: implications for post-validation settings. PLoS Neglected Trop Dis. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008289.","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"6582_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1603\/me11234","volume":"49","author":"DR Mercer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mercer DR, Marie J, Bossin H, Faaruia M, Tetuanui A, Sang MC, et\u00a0al. Estimation of population size and dispersal of Aedes polynesiensis on Toamaro motu. French Polynesia J Med Entomo. 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1603\/me11234.","journal-title":"French Polynesia J Med Entomo"},{"issue":"1","key":"6582_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005347","volume":"11","author":"MC Medeiros","year":"2017","unstructured":"Medeiros MC, Boothe EC, Roark EB, Hamer GL. Dispersal of male and female Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes using stable isotope enrichment. PLoS Neglected Trop Dis. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005347.","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"6582_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.09-0115","volume":"81","author":"BH Lambdin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lambdin BH, Schmaedick MA, McClintock S, Roberts J, Gurr NE, Marcos K, et\u00a0al. Dry season production of filariasis and dengue vectors in American Samoa and comparison with wet season production. Am J Trop Med Hygiene. 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.09-0115.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hygiene"},{"issue":"1","key":"6582_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28081-x","volume":"8","author":"Z Xu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xu Z, Lau CL, Zhou X, Fuimaono S, Magalh\u00e3es RJS, Graves PM. The extensive networks of frequent population mobility in the Samoan Islands and their implications for infectious disease transmission. Sci Rep. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-28081-x.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"6582_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010840","volume":"17","author":"AM Cadavid Restrepo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cadavid Restrepo AM, Martin BM, Fuimaono S, Clements AC, Graves PM, Lau CL. Spatial predictive risk mapping of lymphatic filariasis residual hotspots in American Samoa using demographic and environmental factors. PLOS Neglected Trop Dis. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010840.","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"6582_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127552","volume":"10","author":"MA Acevedo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Acevedo MA, Prosper O, Lopiano K, Ruktanonchai N, Caughlin TT, Martcheva M, et\u00a0al. Spatial heterogeneity, host movement and mosquito-borne disease transmission. PloS One. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0127552.","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"21","key":"6582_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6921a3","volume":"69","author":"MA Hast","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hast MA, Tufa A, Brant TA, Suiaunoa-Scanlan L, Camacho J, Vaifanua-Leo J, et\u00a0al. Notes from the field: impact of a mass drug administration campaign using a novel three-drug regimen on lymphatic filariasis Antigenemia-American Samoa, 2019. Morbidity Mortality Weekly Rep. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6921a3.","journal-title":"Morbidity Mortality Weekly Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"6582_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6020044","volume":"6","author":"PM Graves","year":"2021","unstructured":"Graves PM, Sheridan S, Scott J, Amosa-Lei Sam F, Naseri T, Thomsen R, et\u00a0al. Triple-drug treatment is effective for lymphatic filariasis microfilaria clearance in Samoa. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed6020044.","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"6582_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab202","volume":"73","author":"M Hardy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hardy M, Samuela J, Kama M, Tuicakau M, Romani L, Whitfeld MJ, et\u00a0al. Individual efficacy and community impact of ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, and albendazole mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis control in Fiji: a cluster randomized trial. Clini Infect Dis. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciab202.","journal-title":"Clini Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06582-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06582-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06582-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T22:04:41Z","timestamp":1736373881000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06582-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6582"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06582-1","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4819933\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no Competing interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"3"}}