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Understanding the population structure and genetic diversity of pathogen vectors is increasingly seen as important for effective disease control. In China and Japan, two countries in close proximity to the Republic of Korea (ROK), <jats:italic>Cx. tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic> has been categorized into two clades based on the DNA barcoding region of mitochondrial cytochrome <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic> oxidase subunit I (<jats:italic>COI<\/jats:italic>), suggesting the presence of cryptic species. No comprehensive analysis of the genetic diversity in <jats:italic>Cx. tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic> has been conducted in the ROK. To address this gap, we investigated the population structure of <jats:italic>Cx. tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic> in the ROK.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In Daegu, mosquito collections were conducted over a 2-year period from 2022 to 2023. For all other regions, <jats:italic>Cx. tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic> specimens collected in 2023 were used. The <jats:italic>COI<\/jats:italic> barcoding region was analyzed to determine the genetic structure of the populations, supplemented with data from the 28S ribosomal DNA region. Each population was also examined for the eventual presence of <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> infection. Finally, a back trajectory analysis was conducted to assess the possibility of international introduction of <jats:italic>Cx. tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic> into the ROK.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The analysis of the <jats:italic>COI<\/jats:italic> region revealed the presence of two distinct clades within <jats:italic>Cx. tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic>; these clades were the same as <jats:italic>Cx. tritaeniorhynchus <\/jats:italic>continental type (Ct-C) and <jats:italic>C. tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic> Japanese type (Ct-J) previously reported. In contrast, the nuclear 28S region showed no significant genetic differentiation between these clades. <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> infection was confirmed in some populations, but there was no evidence of an association with <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> in Ct-C and Ct-J. It was also confirmed that the ROK is currently dominated by the Ct-J clade, with a possible introduction of Ct-C via air currents.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Determining the presence of cryptic species is important for preventing vector-borne diseases. The results of this study confirm the existence of two clades of <jats:italic>Cx<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic> in the ROK, with Ct-J being the dominant clade. Our findings enhance current understanding of the genetic diversity within <jats:italic>Cx. tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic> and provide valuable insights for the prevention of JEV outbreaks and the effective management of <jats:italic>Cx. tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic> populations in East Asia.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06595-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T17:59:14Z","timestamp":1734544754000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Genetic diversity and Wolbachia infection in the Japanese encephalitis virus vector Culex tritaeniorhynchus in the Republic of Korea"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jiseung","family":"Jeon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heung Chul","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin J.","family":"Donnelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwang Shik","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"6595_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04911-2","volume":"14","author":"BD Lessard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lessard BD, Kurucz N, Rodriguez J, Carter J, Hardy CM. 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