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As a tool for vector\/disease control, its ecological distribution and the factors that determine their occurrence must be defined. We investigated the frequency of\n                      <jats:italic>Microsporidia MB<\/jats:italic>\n                      in\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes across selected sites in northern and southern Ghana, as well as the physicochemical parameters of mosquito breeding water that are associated with the occurrence of the fungus, by fitting regression models.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A non-column extraction method was used to extract DNA from the abdomens of 4255 adult\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes that emerged from larvae and pupae collected between August and October of 2021 and 2022. Detection of\n                      <jats:italic>Microsporidia MB<\/jats:italic>\n                      was achieved using quantitative PCR (qPCR), while mosquito species were molecularly identified using short interspersed nuclear elements (SINE), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods, and the ANOSPP algorithm.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall\n                      <jats:italic>Microsporidia MB<\/jats:italic>\n                      distribution was 2.2% (92\/4255). Male mosquitoes exhibited a higher frequency of infections and had a predicted probability of infection that was 85% higher than that of females. Sites in Ghana's Savannah zone had the highest\n                      <jats:italic>Microsporidia MB<\/jats:italic>\n                      distribution (68.5%). Biochemical oxygen demand in mosquito breeding water was estimated to be positively associated with and significantly predicts\n                      <jats:italic>Microsporidia MB<\/jats:italic>\n                      in mosquitoes with an accuracy of 94%. Increasing ammonium ion concentrations reduced the chances of finding\n                      <jats:italic>Microsporidia MB<\/jats:italic>\n                      -positive mosquitoes. According to our data, all\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes, including minor species such as\n                      <jats:italic>An. squamosus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>An. pretoriensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>An. rufipes<\/jats:italic>\n                      , had equal probability of\n                      <jats:italic>Microsporidia MB<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These results provide preliminary information on micro-ecological factors that potentially support the sustainability of\n                      <jats:italic>Microsporidia MB<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection in mosquitoes during their aquatic life stages. It will be important, therefore, to explore the impact of strategies for larval source management on these factors to ensure that the symbiont's persistence during the host's aquatic stages may not be adversely affected should it be used as an integrated approach for mosquito\/disease control.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06596-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T12:45:40Z","timestamp":1734525940000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Mosquito breeding water parameters are important determinants for Microsporidia MB in the aquatic stages of Anopheles\u00a0species"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Esinam A.","family":"Akorli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nana Efua","family":"Andoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richardson K.","family":"Egyirifa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Dorcoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sampson","family":"Otoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seraphim N. 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