{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T23:33:30Z","timestamp":1793316810732,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020884","name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\u00ba 21230036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\u00ba 21230036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020884","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020884","name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FONDECYT-1170810"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FONDECYT-1170810"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020884","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Candidatus<\/jats:italic> Orientia chiloensis causes scrub typhus over a wide geographical range in southern Chile. The life cycle, including vectors and reservoirs of this novel rickettsial pathogen, is incompletely understood. We analyzed rodent tissue and rodent-associated mite samples collected during a field study in six localities on Chilo\u00e9 Island, where human scrub typhus cases have occurred. Using molecular methods, we detected <jats:italic>Orientia<\/jats:italic> DNA in 24.8% of rodents, belonging to five of seven captured species. <jats:italic>Orientia<\/jats:italic>-infection rates showed geographical variations, but were not influenced by rodent species, sex, age, and mite infestation. Phylogenetic analysis showed that <jats:italic>Orientia<\/jats:italic> sequences from trombiculid mites (<jats:italic>Proschoengastia eloisae<\/jats:italic>) were identical to those from scrub typhus patients from the same region. The results suggest that these rodent-associated mites serve as vectors and play an important role in the ecology of scrub typhus in southern Chile. Further studies are required to determine whether <jats:italic>Orientia<\/jats:italic>-infected rodents can also serve as reservoir of <jats:italic>Orientia<\/jats:italic> in Chile.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p><jats:bold>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06602-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T17:47:45Z","timestamp":1734544065000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Hosts and vectors of scrub typhus in Chile: epidemiological study and molecular analyses of Orientia infection in rodents and rodent-associated mites"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Constanza","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Valdebenito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerardo","family":"Acosta-Jamett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rayitray","family":"Abello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen L.","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katia","family":"Abarca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Weitzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"6602_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0064","volume":"89","author":"DH Paris","year":"2013","unstructured":"Paris DH, Shelite TR, Day NP, Walker DH. Unresolved problems related to scrub typhus: a seriously neglected life-threatening disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013;89:301\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"6602_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4404","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01526-10","volume":"48","author":"L Izzard","year":"2010","unstructured":"Izzard L, Fuller A, Blacksell SD, Paris DH, Richards AL, Aukkanit N, et al.\u00a0Isolation of a novel Orientia species (O. chuto sp. nov.) from a patient infected in Dubai. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:4404\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"6602_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3007.231040","volume":"30","author":"PW Blair","year":"2024","unstructured":"Blair PW, Kobba K, Okello S, Alharthi S, Naluyima P, Clemens E, et al. Illness AF; Sepsis in Uganda study teams.\u00a0Evidence of Orientia spp. endemicity among severe infectious disease cohorts, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30:1442\u20136.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"6602_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7227a4","volume":"72","author":"T Weitzel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Weitzel T, Mart\u00ednez-Valdebenito C, Acosta-Jamett G, Abarca K. Notes from the field: scrub typhus outbreak\u2014Los Lagos Region, Chile, January\u2013February 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72:753\u20134.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"6602_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed3010008","volume":"3","author":"A Luce-Fedrow","year":"2018","unstructured":"Luce-Fedrow A, Lehman ML, Kelly DJ, Mullins K, Maina AN, Stewart RL, et al.\u00a0A review of scrub typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi and related organisms): then, now, and tomorrow. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2018;3:8.","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"6602_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2908.230528","volume":"29","author":"K Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen K, Travanty NV, Garshong R, Crossley D, Wasserberg G, Apperson CS, et al.\u00a0Detection of Orientia spp. bacteria in field-collected free-living Eutrombicula chigger mites, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29:1676\u20139.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"6602_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01124","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01124-18","volume":"56","author":"C Masakhwe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Masakhwe C, Linsuwanon P, Kimita G, Mutai B, Leepitakrat S, Yalwala S, et al. Identification and characterization of Orientia chuto in trombiculid chigger mites collected from wild rodents in Kenya. J Clin Microbiol. 2018;56:e01124-e1218.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"6602_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2902.221131","volume":"29","author":"HA Alkathiry","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alkathiry HA, Alghamdi SQ, Morgan HEJ, Noll ME, Khoo JJ, Alagaili AN, et al. Molecular detection of Candidatus Orientia chuto in wildlife, Saudi Arabia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29:402.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"6602_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007619","volume":"14","author":"G Acosta-Jamett","year":"2020","unstructured":"Acosta-Jamett G, Mart\u00ednez-Valdebenito C, Beltrami E, Silva-de laFuente MC, Jiang J, Richards AL, et al. Identification of trombiculid mites (Acari: Trombiculidae) on rodents from Chilo\u00e9 Island and molecular evidence of infection with Orientia species. PLOS Negl Trop Dis. 2020;14:e0007619.","journal-title":"PLOS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"6602_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjaa258","volume":"58","author":"MCS la Fuente","year":"2021","unstructured":"Silva-la Fuente MC, Stekolnikov AA, Weitzel T, Beltrami E, Mart\u00ednez-Valdebenito C, Abarca K, et al. Chigger mites (Acariformes: Trombiculidae) of Chilo\u00e9 Island, Chile, with descriptions of two new species and new data on the genus Herpetacarus. J Med Entomol. 2021;58:646\u201357.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"6602_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011051","volume":"17","author":"MCS de la Fuente","year":"2023","unstructured":"Silva-de la Fuente MC, P\u00e9rez C, Mart\u00ednez-Valdebenito C, P\u00e9rez R, Vial C, Stekolnikov A, et al. Eco-epidemiology of rodent-associated trombiculid mites and infection with Orientia spp. in Southern Chile. PLOS Negl Trop Dis. 2023;17:e0011051.","journal-title":"PLOS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"6602_CR12","first-page":"189","volume":"13","author":"AA Stekolnikov","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stekolnikov AA. Systematics of Guntheria Womersley, 1939 and related genera of chigger mites (Acariformes: Trombiculidae). Persian J Acarol. 2024;13:189\u2013231.","journal-title":"Persian J Acarol"},{"key":"6602_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab748","volume":"74","author":"T Weitzel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Weitzel T, la Fuente MC, Mart\u00ednez-Valdebenito C, Stekolnikov AA, P\u00e9rez C, P\u00e9rez R, et al. Novel vector of scrub typhus in sub-Antarctic Chile: evidence from human exposure. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;74:1862\u20135.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"6602_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200362","volume":"13","author":"T Weitzel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weitzel T, Jiang J, Acosta-Jamett G, Mart\u00ednez-Valdebenito C, L\u00f3pez J, Richards AL, et al.\u00a0Canine seroprevalence to Orientia species in southern Chile: a cross-sectional survey on the Chilo\u00e9 Island. PLoS ONE. 2018;13:e0200362.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"6602_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831045","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.831045","volume":"9","author":"J Jiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiang J, Mart\u00ednez-Valdebenito C, Weitzel T, Farris CM, Acosta-Jamett G, Abarca K, et al. Development of a new genus-specific quantitative real-time PCR assay for the diagnosis of scrub typhus in South America. Front Med. 2022;9:831045.","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"6602_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2609.200918","volume":"26","author":"K Abarca","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abarca K, Mart\u00ednez-Valdebenito C, Angulo J, Jiang J, Farris CM, Richards AL, et al. Molecular description of a novel Orientia species causing scrub typhus in Chile. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26:2148\u201356.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"6602_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2018.12.002","volume":"37","author":"S Taylor","year":"2019","unstructured":"Taylor S, Nadeu K, Abbasi M, Lachance C, Nguyen M, Fenrich J. The ultimate qPCR experiment: producing publication quality, reproducible data the first time. Trends Biotechnol. 2019;37:761\u201374.","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol"},{"key":"6602_CR18","first-page":"512","volume":"10","author":"K Tamura","year":"1993","unstructured":"Tamura K, Nei M. Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Mol Biol Evol. 1993;10:512\u201326.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"6602_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","volume":"35","author":"S Kumar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kumar S, Stecher G, Li M, Knyaz C, Tamura K. MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol Biol Evol. 2018;35:1547\u20139.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"6602_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3751-x","volume":"12","author":"I Elliott","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elliott I, Pearson I, Dahal P, Thomas NV, Roberts T, Newton PN. Scrub typhus ecology: a systematic review of Orientia in vectors and hosts. Parasit Vectors. 2019;12:513.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6602_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1093\/jmammal\/gyac089","volume":"104","author":"HN Amarilla-Stevens","year":"2023","unstructured":"Amarilla-Stevens HN, Stevens RD, Phillips CD, Bradley RD. Temporal rate of postmortem DNA degradation in archived tissue samples: evidence from liver and muscle. J Mammal. 2023;104:194\u2013202.","journal-title":"J Mammal"},{"key":"6602_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2021.104818","volume":"91","author":"I Elliott","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elliott I, Thangnimitchok N, de Cesare M, Linsuwanon P, Paris DH, Day NPJ, et al. Targeted capture and sequencing of Orientia tsutsugamushi genomes from chiggers and humans. Infect Genet Evol. 2021;91:104818.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"6602_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2022.0029","volume":"22","author":"I Elliott","year":"2022","unstructured":"Elliott I, Kumlert R, Thangnimitchok N, Blacksell SD, Tanganuchitcharnchai A, Paris DH, et al.\u00a0Orientia tsutsugamushi in chiggers and small mammals in Laos. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2022;22:505\u201311.","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"6602_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.355958","volume":"59","author":"T Kaura","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kaura T, Kaur J, Bisht K, Goel S, Lakshmi P, Grover GS, et al. Vector and rodent surveillance for Orientia tsutsugamushi in north India. J Vector Borne Dis. 2022;59:348\u201355.","journal-title":"J Vector Borne Dis"},{"key":"6602_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2023.0069","volume":"24","author":"GP Ritu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ritu GP, Arif W, Sihag KK, Chakravarthi A, Anthony TN, Srinivasan L, et al.\u00a0Comparative evaluation of different tissues and molecular techniques for the zoonotic surveillance of scrub typhus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2024;24:299\u2013307.","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06602-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06602-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06602-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T18:08:11Z","timestamp":1734545291000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06602-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6602"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06602-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 December 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The protocol used for rodent capture and sampling was approved by the Chilean Animal Health Service (no. 7034\/2017) and the Scientific Ethics Committee for the Care of Animals and the Environment, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile (no. 160816007, 07 Nov 2017).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Navy, Department of Defense, nor the U.S. Government. At the time of the investigation, A.L.R. was an employee of the U.S. Government, and this work was prepared as a part of his official duties. Title 17 U.S.C. \u00a7105 provides that \u2018Copyright protection under this title is not available for any work of the United States Government.\u2019 Title 17 U.S.C. \u00a7101 defines a U.S. Government work as a work prepared by a military service member or employee of the U.S. Government as part of that person\u2019s official duties.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclaimers"}}],"article-number":"514"}}