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With invasive\n Anopheles stephensi<\/jats:italic>\n implicated in malaria outbreaks in Africa, understanding the genomic basis of vector-parasite compatibility is essential for assessing the risk of future outbreaks due to this mosquito. Vector compatibility with\n P.\u00a0falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n arises from ancient coevolution and involves genes such as\n Pfs47<\/jats:italic>\n in\n P.\u00a0falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n and\n P47Rec<\/jats:italic>\n in\n Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n . Questions remain about whether sub-continental vector variation is a selective pressure on current\n Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n populations.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n We analyzed the genetic diversity in parasite\u2013vector interaction genes in\n P.\u00a0falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n and\n An.\u00a0gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n from 9 and 15 countries in Africa, respectively. Specifically, we looked for evidence of malaria vector-mediated selection within three\n P.\u00a0falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n genes (\n Pfs47<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Pfs16<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Pfs37<\/jats:italic>\n ) and conducted association analyses with occurrence probabilities of prominent malaria vectors.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Higher protein haplotype diversities of\n Pfs47<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Pfs16<\/jats:italic>\n were associated with the probability of occurrence of\n An.\u00a0arabiensis<\/jats:italic>\n and\n An.\u00a0funestus<\/jats:italic>\n together. Only\n Pfs16<\/jats:italic>\n carried a signature of positive selection consistently (average Tajima\u2019s\n D<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u22122.96), which was associated with the probability of occurrence of\n An.\u00a0funestus<\/jats:italic>\n . These findings support vector-mediated selection on the basis of vector species diversity that may be occurring within Africa. We also employed phylogenetic analyses of\n An.\u00a0gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n interaction genes (\n P47Rec<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n APN1<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n HPX15<\/jats:italic>\n ) to identify significant subspecies diversity as a prerequisite to vector-population-mediated selection.\n Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n HPX15<\/jats:italic>\n revealed significant within-species differentiation (multiple branches bootstrap\u2009>\u200970) compared with absence of variation in\n P47Rec<\/jats:italic>\n , suggesting that further investigation into subspecies-mediated selection on the basis of\n HPX15<\/jats:italic>\n is needed. Finally, we observed five amino acid changes at\n P47Rec<\/jats:italic>\n in invasive\n An.\u00a0stephensi<\/jats:italic>\n compared with dominant African\n Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n species, calling for further investigation of the impact these distinct\n P47Rec<\/jats:italic>\n variants might have on local African\n P.\u00a0falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n Pfs47<\/jats:italic>\n diversity.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Overall, these findings suggest that vector variation within Africa could influence\n P.\u00a0falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n diversity and lay a genomic framework for future investigation of invasive\n An.\u00a0stephensi<\/jats:italic>\n \u2019s impact on African malaria.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06604-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,22]],"date-time":"2024-12-22T21:46:12Z","timestamp":1734903972000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Multi-locus investigation of Anopheles-mediated selective pressure on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Isuru","family":"Gunarathna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph D.","family":"Spear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamar E.","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"6604_CR1","volume-title":"World malaria report 2023","author":"WHO","year":"2023","unstructured":"WHO. 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The study protocol for the collection was reviewed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA, and determined to be research not involving human subjects (2017-227). A material transfer agreement was established with Baylor University and the US PMI\/Abt Associates for molecular analysis of mosquitoes.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"530"}}