{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T09:17:25Z","timestamp":1789031845686,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Leishmaniasis is an emerging vector-borne disease that occurs in Thailand. Although <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Mundinia<\/jats:italic>) parasites, the causative agents of the disease have been identified, the vectors of the disease remain unidentified. In the present study, we collected sand flies from three caves located in endemic areas of leishmaniasis, including Lampang and Chiang Rai in northern Thailand, and Songkhla in southern Thailand.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Female sand flies were identified on the basis of morphological characteristics and confirmed by cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (<jats:italic>COI<\/jats:italic>) sequencing. Sand fly DNA samples were screened for <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic> DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on the basis of the <jats:italic>ITS1<\/jats:italic> region of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA), <jats:italic>SSU<\/jats:italic> rRNA, and <jats:italic>gltA<\/jats:italic> genes, followed by phylogenetic relationships and haplotype diversity analysis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 557 sand flies were identified, comprising four genera (<jats:italic>Sergentomyia<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Phlebotomus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Grassomyia<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Idiophlebotomus<\/jats:italic>) and 11 species. Molecular detection of pathogens demonstrated that <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> DNA was not detected. However, <jats:italic>Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic> DNA was detected in 11 samples of <jats:italic>Phlebotomus mascomai<\/jats:italic> from Lampang (7 for <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>noyesi<\/jats:italic>), <jats:italic>Se<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>anodontis<\/jats:italic> from Chiang Rai (1 each for <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>noyesi<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic> sp.), and <jats:italic>Se<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>khawi<\/jats:italic> from Songkhla (2 for <jats:italic>Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic> sp.). <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic> DNA was detected in 16 samples of <jats:italic>Se<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>anodontis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Se<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>barraudi<\/jats:italic> s.l. from Chiang Rai, <jats:italic>Se<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>anodontis<\/jats:italic> from Lampang, and <jats:italic>Se<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>khawi<\/jats:italic> from Songkhla. The novel <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic> sp. detected in Thai sand flies was phylogenetically related to <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic> sp. from bats. Genetic diversity analysis showed high haplotype diversity in both <jats:italic>Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic> parasites and <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic> bacteria.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The data from the present study indicate that phlebotomine sand flies could be potential vectors of zoonotic diseases caused by <jats:italic>Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic> sp. and <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic> sp. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the natural infection of <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic> associated with bats in Thailand, and the presence of <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>noyesi<\/jats:italic> and amphibian trypanosomes. However, further investigation is required to elucidate and enhance the understanding of potential vectors and transmission dynamics of pathogens in Thailand, particularly with regard to different seasonality, habitats, and host ranges.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06616-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T13:27:52Z","timestamp":1734614872000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Cave-dwelling phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in Thailand: population composition and pathogen detection of Bartonella and Trypanosoma"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sakone","family":"Sunantaraporn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puckavadee","family":"Somwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pathamet","family":"Khositharattanakool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaraporn","family":"Unchanam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nattiya","family":"Saenchaiban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilai","family":"Wongkhut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pinpinat","family":"Sanum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thanapat","family":"Pataradool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rungfar","family":"Boonserm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Depaquit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Padet","family":"Siriyasatien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"6616_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/s0738-081x(99)00046-2","volume":"17","author":"R Killick-Kendrick","year":"1999","unstructured":"Killick-Kendrick R. 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