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This study assessed the prevalence and drivers of malaria infections among symptomatic and asymptomatic members of selected communities from five regions with varying endemicity in mainland Tanzania.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A cross-sectional community survey was conducted in five districts, including one district\/region in Kagera, Kigoma, Njombe, Ruvuma and Tanga from July to August 2023. Participants aged\u2009\u2265\u20096\u00a0months were recruited and tested using rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). Demographic, anthropometric, clinical, parasitological, type of house, and socio-economic status (SES) data were captured using structured questionnaires. Associations between parasite prevalence and potential drivers were determined by logistic regression, and the results were presented as crude (cOR) and adjusted odds ratios (aOR), with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Among 10,228 individuals tested, 3515 (34.4%) had positive results by RDTs. The prevalence of malaria varied from 21.6% in Tanga to 44.4% in Kagera, and from 14.4% to 68.5% among the different villages (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The odds of malaria infections were higher in males (aOR\u2009=\u20091.32, 95% CI 1.19\u20131.48, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), under-fives (aOR\u2009=\u20092.02, 95% CI 1.74\u20132.40, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), schoolchildren [aged 5\u20139\u00a0years (aOR\u2009=\u20093.23, 95% CI 1.19\u20131.48, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and 10\u201314\u00a0years (aOR\u2009=\u20093.53, 95% CI 3.03\u20134.11, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001)], and non-bednet users (aOR\u2009=\u20091.49, 95% CI 1.29\u20131.72, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Individuals from households with low SES (aOR\u2009=\u20091.40, 95% CI 1.16\u20131.69, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), or living in houses with open windows (aOR\u2009=\u20091.24, 95% CI 1.06\u20131.45, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and\/or holes on the walls (aOR\u2009=\u20091.43, 95% CI 1.14\u20131.81, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) also had higher odds.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Malaria prevalence varied widely across regions and villages, and the odds of infections were higher in males, schoolchildren, non-bednet users, and individuals with low SES or living in houses with open windows and\/or holes on the walls. The identified vulnerable groups and hotspots should be targeted with specific interventions to reduce the disease burden and support the ongoing malaria elimination efforts in Tanzania.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06639-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T09:32:41Z","timestamp":1737711161000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Prevalence and drivers of malaria infection among asymptomatic and symptomatic community members in five regions with varying transmission intensity in mainland Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Gervas A.","family":"Chacha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filbert","family":"Francis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salehe S.","family":"Mandai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Misago D.","family":"Seth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashid A.","family":"Madebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel P.","family":"Challe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Petro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dativa","family":"Pereus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramadhani","family":"Moshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rule","family":"Budodo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelina J.","family":"Kisambale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth B.","family":"Mbwambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Bakari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sijenunu","family":"Aaron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Mbwambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stella","family":"Kajange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Lazaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ntuli","family":"Kapologwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celine I.","family":"Mandara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deus S.","family":"Ishengoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"6639_CR1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health (MoH) [Tanzania Mainland], Ministry of Health (MoH) [Zanzibar], National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Office of the Chief Government Statistician (OCGS), and ICF. 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Malar J. 2022;21:325.","journal-title":"Malar J"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06639-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06639-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06639-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T10:23:06Z","timestamp":1737714186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06639-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6639"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06639-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This CSS was part of the MSMT project with ethical clearance number Ref. NIMR\/HQ\/R.8a\/Vol. 1X\/35798 dated 16th December 2020, whose protocol was reviewed and approved by the Medical Research Coordinating Committee (MRCC) of the National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR). Authorization to conduct the study was obtained from the President\u2019s Office, Regional Administration and Local Government (PO-RALG), regional authorities, and the District Executive Directors. Information about the CSS was disseminated in the community through village mobilization teams for two consecutive days preceding the survey. Prior to participating in the survey, verbal and written informed consent were sought and obtained from all participants or parents\/guardians in the case of children. Permission to publish this paper was sought and obtained from the Director General of NIMR.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"24"}}