{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T21:16:04Z","timestamp":1790889364683,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Second Century Fund (C2F), Chulalongkorn University"},{"name":"Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fund Chulalongkorn University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The subfamily Phlebotominae comprises 1028 species of sand fly, of which only 90 are recognized as vectors of pathogenic agents such as\n                      <jats:italic>Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      . In Thailand, leishmaniasis\u2014a sand fly-borne disease\u2014is currently endemic, with 36 documented sand fly species. However, many cryptic species likely remain unidentified. To improve our understanding of the distribution, habitat preferences, and role in disease transmission of these sand flies, further research is necessary.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sand flies were collected using CDC light traps from 13 locations across four provinces in Thailand between October 2022 and October 2023. Initially, species identification was based on morphological characteristics, employing identification keys, and subsequently confirmed through mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (\n                      <jats:italic>COI<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and cytochrome b (\n                      <jats:italic>Cytb<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) sequencing. Species identities were verified using BLASTN and BOLD searches. Species delimitation was conducted using Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) and Assemble Species by Automatic Partitioning (ASAP) with three substitution models. Additionally, intraspecific and interspecific genetic variation, neutrality tests (including Tajima\u2019s and Fu and Li\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                      * tests), phylogenetic analyses, and TCS haplotype network analysis were performed using the obtained sequences.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 3693 phlebotomine sand flies were collected, with 2261 (61.22%) identified as female. Integrative analyses combining morphological data, BLASTN searches, phylogenetic assessments, and species delimitation confirmed the identification of four genera:\n                      <jats:italic>Sergentomyia<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Grassomyia<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Phlebotomus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Idiophlebotomus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , encompassing 12 species:\n                      <jats:italic>Sergentomyia anodontis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Se. sylvatica<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Se. perturbans<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Se. barraudi<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Se. hivernus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Se. khawi<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Se. siamensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Grassomyia indica<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Phlebotomus barguesae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Ph. stantoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Idiophlebotomus asperulus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Id. longiforceps<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Furthermore, molecular analysis revealed cryptic and complex species, including two putatively novel species,\n                      <jats:italic>Se.<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. 1 and\n                      <jats:italic>Se.<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. 2, as well as a unique haplotype.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study, which integrated genetic and morphological identification techniques, identified 12 sand fly species and unveiled cryptic and complex species, including two putatively novel species (\n                      <jats:italic>Se.<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. 1 and\n                      <jats:italic>Se.<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. 2) and a unique haplotype. The findings underscore the utility of mitochondrial genes, combined with species delimitation methodologies, as reliable approaches for identifying diverse sand fly species.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06640-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T00:59:37Z","timestamp":1736125177000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["An integrative taxonomic approach reveals two putatively novel species of phlebotomine sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Thailand"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Samiullah","family":"Soomro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siwaporn","family":"Tuangpermsub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thongchai","family":"Ngamprasertwong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morakot","family":"Kaewthamasorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"6640_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.06.001","volume":"97","author":"C Cooper","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cooper C, Clode P, Peacock C, Thompson R. Host\u2013parasite relationships and life histories of trypanosomes in Australia. Adv Parasitol. 2017;97:47\u2013109.","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"6640_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s13744-023-01030-8","volume":"52","author":"EAB Galati","year":"2023","unstructured":"Galati EAB, Rodrigues BL. A review of historical phlebotominae taxonomy (Diptera: Psychodidae). Neotrop Entomol. 2023;52:539\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13744-023-01030-8.","journal-title":"Neotrop Entomol"},{"key":"6640_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2023.107064","volume":"249","author":"JJ Rodr\u00edguez-Rojas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Rojas JJ, Lozano-Sardaneta YN, Fern\u00e1ndez-Salas I, S\u00e1nchez-Casas RM, Becker I. Species diversity, barcode, detection of pathogens and blood meal pattern in Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) from northeastern Mexico. Acta Trop. 2024;249:107064.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"6640_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05464-8","volume":"15","author":"J Hustedt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hustedt J, Prasetyo DB, Fiorenzano JM, von Fricken ME, Hertz JC. Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) and sand fly-borne pathogens in the greater Mekong subregion: a systematic review. Parasit Vectors. 2022;15:355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-022-05464-8.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6640_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04517-0","volume":"14","author":"BO Owino","year":"2021","unstructured":"Owino BO, Mwangi JM, Kiplagat S, Mwangi HN, Ingonga JM, Chebet A, et al. Molecular detection of Leishmania donovani, Leishmania major, and Trypanosoma species in Sergentomyia squamipleuris sand flies from a visceral leishmaniasis focus in Merti sub-County, eastern Kenya. Parasit Vectors. 2021;14:53. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04517-0.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6640_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed5040174","volume":"5","author":"S Thammapalo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thammapalo S, Pawestri AR, Kolaeh K, Boondej P, Benarlee R, Apiwathnasorn C, et al. Distribution of phlebotomine sandflies in the cave area of Satun province, Thailand. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2020;5:174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed5040174.","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"6640_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011565","volume":"17","author":"MC Renaux Torres","year":"2023","unstructured":"Renaux Torres MC, Pellot C, Somwang P, Khositharattanakool P, Vongphayloth K, Randrianambinintsoa FJ, et al. Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) from Pha Tong cave, Northern Thailand with a description of two new species and taxonomical thoughts about Phlebotomus stantoni. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2023;17:e0011565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011565.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"6640_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.3390\/insects15050327","volume":"15","author":"R Ampol","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ampol R, Somwang P, Khositharattanakool P, Promrangsee C, Pataradool T, Tepboonreung P, et al. Nanopore-based surveillance of Leishmania parasites in Culicoides Latrielle (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) caught from the affected community and Tham Phra Cave in Chiang Rai province, the endemic area of Leishmaniasis in Northern Thailand. Insects. 2024;15:327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/insects15050327.","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"6640_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03240-z","volume":"5","author":"P Cecilio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cecilio P, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Oliveira F. Sand flies: basic information on the vectors of leishmaniasis and their interactions with Leishmania parasites. Commun Biol. 2022;5:305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-022-03240-z.","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"6640_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7110379","volume":"7","author":"N Songumpai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Songumpai N, Promrangsee C, Noopetch P, Siriyasatien P, Preativatanyou K. First evidence of co-circulation of emerging Leishmania martiniquensis, Leishmania orientalis, and Crithidia sp. in Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), the putative vectors for autochthonous transmission in southern Thailand. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2022;7:379.","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis."},{"key":"6640_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0108","volume":"107","author":"S Srivarasat","year":"2022","unstructured":"Srivarasat S, Brownell N, Siriyasatien P, Noppakun N, Asawanonda P, Rattanakorn K, et al. Case report: autochthonous disseminated cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania martiniquensis in a patient with HIV\/AIDS from Northern Thailand and literature review. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2022;107:1196\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0108.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"6640_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12030","DOI":"10.4081\/jear.2024.12030","volume":"56","author":"R Polseela","year":"2024","unstructured":"Polseela R, Vitta A, Thammeepak R, Thanwisai A. An entomological survey of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in different areas of Thailand. J Entomol Acarol Res. 2024;56:12030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/jear.2024.12030.","journal-title":"J Entomol Acarol Res"},{"key":"6640_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2012.01314.x","volume":"60","author":"C Milocco","year":"2013","unstructured":"Milocco C, Kamyingkird K, Desquesnes M, Jittapalapong S, Herbreteau V, Chaval Y, et al. Molecular demonstration of Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma lewisi DNA in wild rodents from Cambodia, Lao PDR and Thailand. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2013;60:17\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2012.01314.x.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"6640_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-006-0148-5","volume":"99","author":"M Kaewthamasorn","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kaewthamasorn M, Wongsamee S. A preliminary survey of gastrointestinal and haemoparasites of beef cattle in the tropical livestock farming system in Nan Province, northern Thailand. Parasitol Res. 2006;99:306\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-006-0148-5.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"6640_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47222-0","volume":"56","author":"N Sarataphan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sarataphan N, Vongpakorn M, Nuansrichay B, Autarkool N, Keowkarnkah T, Rodtian P, et al. Diagnosis of a Trypanosoma lewisi-like (Herpetosoma) infection in a sick infant from Thailand. J Med Microbiol. 2007;56:1118\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.47222-0.","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"6640_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3390\/insects13020197","volume":"13","author":"J Buatong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Buatong J, Dvorak V, Thepparat A, Thongkhao K, Koyadun S, et al. Phlebotomine sand flies in Southern Thailand: Entomological survey, identification of blood meals and molecular detection of Trypanosoma spp. Insects. 2022;13:197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/insects13020197.","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"6640_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/insects10080238","author":"P Srisuton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Srisuton P, Phumee A, Sunantaraporn S, Boonserm R, Sor-Suwan S, Brownell N, et al. Detection of Leishmania and Trypanosoma DNA in field-caught sand flies from endemic and non-endemic areas of leishmaniasis in Southern Thailand. Insects. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/insects10080238.","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"6640_CR18","first-page":"429","volume":"54","author":"A Phumee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Phumee A, Tawatsin A, Thavara U, Pengsakul T, Thammapalo S, Depaquit J, et al. Detection of an unknown Trypanosoma DNA in a Phlebotomus stantoni (Diptera: Psychodidae) collected from southern Thailand and records of new sand flies with reinstatement of Sergentomyia hivernus Raynal & Gaschen, 1935 (Diptera: Psychodidae). J Med Entomol. 2017;54:429\u201334.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"6640_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.07.024","volume":"150","author":"A Kassahun","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kassahun A, Sadlova J, Benda P, Kostalova T, Warburg A, Hailu A, et al. Natural infection of bats with Leishmania in Ethiopia. Acta Trop. 2015;150:166\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.07.024.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"6640_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0269-283x.2004.0487.x","volume":"18","author":"MD Feliciangeli","year":"2004","unstructured":"Feliciangeli MD. Natural breeding places of Phlebotomine Sandflies. Med Vet Entomol. 2004;18:71\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0269-283x.2004.0487.x.","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"6640_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3795","DOI":"10.3109\/19401736.2015.1082085","volume":"27","author":"R Polseela","year":"2016","unstructured":"Polseela R, Jaturas N, Thanwisai A, Sing KW, Wilson JJ. Towards monitoring the sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of Thailand: DNA barcoding the sandflies of Wihan Cave, Uttaradit. Mitochondrial DNA A. 2016;27:3795\u2013801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/19401736.2015.1082085.","journal-title":"Mitochondrial DNA A"},{"key":"6640_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2023.106949","volume":"244","author":"K Preativatanyou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Preativatanyou K, Chinwirunsirisup K, Phumee A, Khositharattanakool P, Sunantaraporn S, Depaquit J, et al. Species diversity of phlebotomine sand flies and sympatric occurrence of Leishmania (Mundinia) martiniquensis, Leishmania (Leishmania) donovani complex, and Trypanosoma spp. in the visceral leishmaniasis focus of southern Thailand. Acta Trop. 2023;244:106949. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2023.106949.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"6640_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1080\/24701394.2016.1214728","volume":"28","author":"J Sukantamala","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sukantamala J, Sing KW, Jaturas N, Polseela R, Wilson JJ. Unexpected diversity of sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in tourist caves in Northern Thailand. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal. 2017;28:949\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/24701394.2016.1214728.","journal-title":"Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal"},{"key":"6640_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-012-3137-x","volume":"112","author":"K Sukra","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sukra K, Kanjanopas K, Amsakul S, Rittaton V, Mungthin M, Leelayoova S. A survey of sandflies in the affected areas of leishmaniasis, southern Thailand. Parasitol Res. 2013;112:297\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-012-3137-x.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"6640_CR25","first-page":"1011","volume":"38","author":"R Polseela","year":"2007","unstructured":"Polseela R, Apiwathnasorn C, Samung Y. Seasonal variation of cave-dwelling Phlebotomine Sandflies(Diptera: Psychodidae) in Phra Phothisat cave, Saraburi province, Thailand, Southeast Asian. J Trop Med Public Health. 2007;38:1011\u20135.","journal-title":"J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"6640_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3113.1987.tb00194.x","volume":"12","author":"DJ Lewis","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lewis DJ. Phlebotomine Sandflies(Diptera: Psychodidae) from the Oriental region. Syst Entomol. 1987;12:163\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-3113.1987.tb00194.x.","journal-title":"Syst Entomol"},{"key":"6640_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.08.031","volume":"184","author":"MS Latrofa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Latrofa MS, Annoscia G, Dantas-Torres F, Traversa D, Otranto D. Towards a rapid molecular identification of the common phlebotomine sand flies in the Mediterranean region. Vet Parasitol. 2012;184:267\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.08.031.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"6640_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2002.2218","volume":"270","author":"PD Hebert","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hebert PD, Cywinska A, Ball SL, de Waard JR. Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proc Biol Sci. 2003;270:313\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2002.2218.","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"6640_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085496","volume":"9","author":"MA Contreras Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Contreras Guti\u00e9rrez MA, Vivero RJ, V\u00e9lez ID, Porter CH, Uribe S. DNA barcoding for the identification of sand fly species (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) in Colombia. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e85496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0085496.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"6640_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2012.03117.x","volume":"12","author":"NP Kumar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kumar NP, Srinivasan R, Jambulingam P. DNA barcoding for identification of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in India. Mol Ecol Resour. 2012;12:414\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2012.03117.x.","journal-title":"Mol Ecol Resour"},{"key":"6640_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000627","volume":"4","author":"J Azpurua","year":"2010","unstructured":"Azpurua J, De La Cruz D, Valderama A, Windsor D. Lutzomyia sand fly diversity and rates of infection by Wolbachia and an exotic Leishmania species on Barro Colorado Island. Panama PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;4:e627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000627.","journal-title":"Panama PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"6640_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06509-w","volume":"17","author":"TN Nguyen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nguyen TN, Nugraheni YR, Nguyen HLA, Arnuphapprasert A, Pengsakul T, Thong LQ, et al. Survey of sand fly fauna in six provinces of Southern Vietnam with species identification using DNA barcoding. Parasit Vectors. 2024;17:1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06509-w.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6640_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11557-014-1020-0","volume":"14","author":"A Fourie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fourie A, Wingfield MJ, Wingfield BD, Barnes I. Molecular markers delimit cryptic species in Ceratocystis sensu stricto. Mycol Prog. 2015;14:1\u201318.","journal-title":"Mycol Prog"},{"key":"6640_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1007\/s13592-018-0576-0","volume":"49","author":"FV Freitas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Freitas FV, Santos Junior JE, Santos FR, Silveira FA. Species delimitation and sex associations in the bee genus Thygater, with the aid of molecular data, and the description of a new species. Apidologie. 2018;49:484\u201396.","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"6640_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2020.07.010","volume":"13","author":"A Arnuphapprasert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arnuphapprasert A, Riana E, Ngamprasertwong T, Wangthongchaicharoen M, Soisook P, Thanee S, et al. First molecular investigation of haemosporidian parasites in Thai bat species. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. 2020;13:51\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2020.07.010.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl"},{"key":"6640_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e717","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14389","volume":"69","author":"J Poofery","year":"2022","unstructured":"Poofery J, Narapakdeesakul D, Riana E, Arnuphapprasert A, Nugraheni YR, Ngamprasertwong T, et al. Molecular identification and genetic diversity of Bartonella spp. in 24 bat species from Thailand. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2022;69:e717\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tbed.14389.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"6640_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182022000117","volume":"149","author":"E Riana","year":"2022","unstructured":"Riana E, Arnuphapprasert A, Narapakdeesakul D, Ngamprasertwong T, Wangthongchaicharoen M, Soisook P, et al. Molecular detection of Trypanosoma (Trypanosomatidae) in bats from Thailand, with their phylogenetic relationships. Parasitology. 2022;149:654\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0031182022000117.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"6640_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.2307\/4449704","volume":"55","author":"WJ Yurkiewicz","year":"1993","unstructured":"Yurkiewicz WJ. Immunology labs made easy with insects. Am Biol Teach. 1993;55:434\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/4449704.","journal-title":"Am Biol Teach"},{"key":"6640_CR39","first-page":"217","volume":"37","author":"DJ Lewis","year":"1978","unstructured":"Lewis DJ. The Phlebotomine Sandflies(Diptera: Psychodidae) of the Oriental Region. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Entomol. 1978;37:217\u201343.","journal-title":"Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Entomol."},{"key":"6640_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-2-5","volume":"2","author":"J Depaquit","year":"2009","unstructured":"Depaquit J, Muller F, Leger N. Phlebotomus (Euphlebotomus) barguesae n. sp. from Thailand (Diptera\u2013Psychodidae). Parasit Vectors. 2009;2:5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-3305-2-5.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6640_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2583.1997.00175.x","volume":"6","author":"S Esseghir","year":"1997","unstructured":"Esseghir S, Ready PD, Killick-Kendrick R, Ben-Ismail R. Mitochondrial haplotypes and phylogeography of Phlebotomus vectors of Leishmania major. Insect Mol Biol. 1997;6:211\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2583.1997.00175.x.","journal-title":"Insect Mol Biol"},{"key":"6640_CR42","first-page":"95","volume":"41","author":"TA Hall","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hall TA. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95\/98\/NT. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser. 1999;41:95\u20138.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Symp Ser"},{"key":"6640_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx248","volume":"34","author":"J Rozas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rozas J, Ferrer-Mata A, S\u00e1nchez-DelBarrio JC, Guirao-Rico S, Librado P, Ramos-Onsins SE, et al. DnaSP 6: DNA sequence polymorphism analysis of large data sets. Mol Biol Evol. 2017;34:3299\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/msx248.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"6640_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab120","volume":"38","author":"K Tamura","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tamura K, Stecher G, Kumar S. MEGA11: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 11. Mol Biol Evol. 2021;38:3022\u20137.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"6640_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294x.2011.05239.x","volume":"21","author":"N Puillandre","year":"2012","unstructured":"Puillandre N, Lambert A, Brouillet S, Achaz G. ABGD, automatic barcode gap discovery for primary species delimitation. Mol Ecol. 2012;21:1864\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-294x.2011.05239.x.","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"6640_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.13281","volume":"21","author":"N Puillandre","year":"2021","unstructured":"Puillandre N, Brouillet S, Achaz G. ASAP: assemble species by automatic partitioning. Mol Ecol Resour. 2021;21:609\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1755-0998.13281.","journal-title":"Mol Ecol Resour"},{"key":"6640_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4832-3211-9.50009-7","volume-title":"Mammalian protein metabolism","author":"TH Jukes","year":"1969","unstructured":"Jukes TH, Cantor CR. Evolution of protein molecules. In: Munro HN, editor. Mammalian protein metabolism. New York: Academic Press; 1969. p. 21\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-1-4832-3211-9.50009-7."},{"key":"6640_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01731581","volume":"16","author":"M Kimura","year":"1980","unstructured":"Kimura M. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J Mol Evol. 1980;16:111\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf01731581.","journal-title":"J Mol Evol"},{"key":"6640_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1093\/zoolinnean\/zlad149","volume":"201","author":"V Sivayyapram","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sivayyapram V, Kunsete C, Xu X, Smith DR, Traiyasut P, Deowanish S, et al. Molecular phylogeny, biogeography, and species delimitation of segmented spider genus Liphistius (Araneae: Liphistiidae) in Thailand. Zool J Linnean Soc. 2024;201:339\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/zoolinnean\/zlad149.","journal-title":"Zool J Linnean Soc"},{"key":"6640_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12410","volume":"6","author":"JW Leigh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Leigh JW, Bryant D. popart: full-feature software for haplotype network construction. Methods Ecol Evol. 2015;6:1110\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/2041-210X.12410.","journal-title":"Methods Ecol Evol"},{"key":"6640_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106798","volume":"238","author":"H Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen H, Dong H, Yuan H, Shan W, Zhou Q, Li X, et al. Mitochondrial COI and Cytb gene as valid molecular identification marker of sandfly species (Diptera: Psychodidae) in China. Acta Trop. 2023;238:106798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106798.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"6640_CR52","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Chinese sandflies","author":"GH Xiong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xiong GH, Jin CF, Guan LR. Chinese sandflies. Beijing: Science Press; 2016. p. 15\u201325."},{"key":"6640_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12393","volume":"33","author":"J Depaquit","year":"2019","unstructured":"Depaquit J, Vongphayloth K, Siriyasatien P, Polseela R, Phumee A, Loyer M, et al. On the true identity of Sergentomyia gemmea and description of a closely related species: Se raynali n. sp. Med Vet Entomol. 2019;33:521\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mve.12393.","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"6640_CR54","first-page":"71","volume":"34","author":"L Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang L, Ma YJ. Identification of Phlebotomus chinensis (Diptera: Psychodidae) inferred by morphological characters and molecular markers. Entomotaxonomia. 2012;34:71\u201380.","journal-title":"Entomotaxonomia"},{"key":"6640_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-115","volume":"6","author":"L Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang L, Ma Y, Xu J. Genetic differentiation between sandfly populations of Phlebotomus chinensis and Phlebotomus sichuanensis (Diptera: Psychodidae) in China inferred by microsatellites. Parasit Vectors. 2013;6:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-3305-6-115.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6640_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04856-6","volume":"14","author":"O Phuphisut","year":"2021","unstructured":"Phuphisut O, Nitatsukprasert C, Pathawong N, Jaichapor B, Pongsiri A, Adisakwattana P, et al. Sand fly identification and screening for Leishmania spp. in six provinces of Thailand. Parasit Vectors. 2021;14:352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04856-6.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6640_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2021080","volume":"28","author":"SN Vu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vu SN, Tran HS, Tran VP, Tran CT, Tran ND, Dang DA, et al. Taxonomical insights and ecology of sandfly (Diptera, Psychodidae) species in six provinces of Northern Vietnam. Parasite. 2021;28:85. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/parasite\/2021080.","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"6640_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12510","volume":"35","author":"LC Sousa-Paula","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sousa-Paula LC, Pessoa FA, Otranto D, Dantas-Torres F. Beyond taxonomy: species complexes in New World phlebotomine sand flies. Med Vet Entomol. 2021;35:267\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mve.12510.","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"6640_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.10.027","volume":"28","author":"J Depaquit","year":"2014","unstructured":"Depaquit J. Molecular systematics applied to Phlebotomine sandflies: review and perspectives. Infect Genet Evol. 2014;28:744\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.10.027.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"6640_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106778","volume":"238","author":"BL Rodrigues","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rodrigues BL, Galati EAB. Molecular taxonomy of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) with emphasis on DNA barcoding: a review. Acta Trop. 2023;238:106778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106778.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"6640_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0287853","volume":"18","author":"YN Lozano-Sardaneta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lozano-Sardaneta YN, Diaz-Cruz JA, Viveros-Santos V, Ibanez-Bernal S, Huerta H, Marina CF, et al. Phylogenetic relations among Mexican phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) and their divergence time estimation. PLoS ONE. 2023;18:e0287853. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0287853.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"6640_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4369","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12413","volume":"22","author":"BC Carstens","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carstens BC, Pelletier TA, Reid NM, Satler JD. How to fail at species delimitation. Mol Ecol. 2013;22:4369\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mec.12413.","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"6640_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.33988\/auvfd.1372324","volume":"71","author":"GK Karademir","year":"2021","unstructured":"Karademir GK, Atelge M, Yetismis K, Yetismis G, Uslu S, Ciloglu A, et al. Phylogenetic characterization of two common sandflies, Phlebotomus major and P. kandelakii, in Inebolu District of the West Black Sea Region, T\u00fcrkiye based on mitochondrial gene sequence analysis. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2021;71:427\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33988\/auvfd.1372324.","journal-title":"Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg."}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06640-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06640-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06640-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T01:03:48Z","timestamp":1736125428000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06640-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6640"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06640-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This experiment has been approved by Chulalongkorn University\u2019s Faculty of Veterinary Sciences Institutional Biosafety Committee and Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IBC no. 2331059; IACUC no. 2431031). All procedures were conducted according to the university norms and regulations, as well as the policies controlling the biosafety processes.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1"}}