{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T01:16:15Z","timestamp":1787793375292,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737072000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022370","name":"Global Challenges Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/T029846\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/T029846\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022370","name":"Global Challenges Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/T029846\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/T029846\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022370","name":"Global Challenges Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/T029846\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/T029846\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022370","name":"Global Challenges Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/T029846\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/T029846\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022370","name":"Global Challenges Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/T029846\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/T029846\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022370","name":"Global Challenges Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/P024335\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/P024335\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022370","name":"Global Challenges Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/T029846\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/T029846\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022370","name":"Global Challenges Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/T029846\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/T029846\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022370","name":"Global Challenges Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/T029846\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/T029846\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022370","name":"Global Challenges Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/P024335\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/P024335\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022370","name":"Global Challenges Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/T029846\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/T029846\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022370","name":"Global Challenges Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/T029846\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/T029846\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Kyasanur forest disease virus (KFDV) is a tick-borne flavivirus causing debilitating and potentially fatal disease in people in the Western Ghats region of India. The transmission cycle is complex, involving multiple vector and host species, but there are significant gaps in ecological knowledge. Empirical data on pathogen-vector-host interactions and incrimination have not been updated since the last century, despite significant local changes in land use and the expansion of KFD to new areas. Mathematical models predict that transovarial transmission, whereby adult female ticks pass KFDV infections to their offspring, plays an important role in the persistence of KFD, but this has not been shown in the wild. Here we set out to establish whether transovarial transmission\u00a0of KFDV was occurring under natural field conditions by assessing whether host-seeking larvae were positive for KFDV.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Ticks were sampled by dragging and flagging across a broad range of habitats within the agro-forest matrix at 49 sites in two districts: Shivamogga, Karnataka and Wayanad, Kerala (September 2018-March 2019), and larvae were tested for KFDV by PCR.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In total, larval ticks from 7 of the 49 sites sampled tested positive for KFDV, indicating that transovarial transmission is occurring. Of the 13 KFDV-positive larval samples, 3 came from around houses and gardens, 5 from crops (3 from harvested rice paddy and 2 from areca plantation), 1 from teak plantation and 4 (2 from 1 transect) from forests. Five different tick species were found to have KFDV-positive larvae: <jats:italic>Haemaphysalis spinigera, H. bispinosa, Rhipicephalus annulatus, R. microplus<\/jats:italic> and an unidentifiable species of <jats:italic>Haemaphysalis<\/jats:italic> (no close match in GenBank).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our empirical confirmation of transovarial transmission has important implications for understanding and predicting KFD dynamics, suggesting that ticks may act as a reservoir for KFDV. Moreover, small mammals and cattle may play crucial roles in transmission if small mammals are the main hosts for larvae infected via transovarial transmission, and cattle support large numbers of infected female adult ticks. This first report of transovarial transmission of KFDV, and within a hitherto undescribed range of vectors and habitats, will help disease managers improve KFD surveillance and mitigation strategies, ultimately leading to communities becoming more resilient to the risk of this tick-transmitted disease.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06643-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T06:00:11Z","timestamp":1737093611000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["First evidence of transovarial transmission of\u00a0Kyasanur Forest disease virus in Haemaphysalis and Rhipicephalus ticks in the wild"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Burthe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhimanagoud","family":"Kumbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie M.","family":"Sch\u00e4fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bethan V.","family":"Purse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abi T.","family":"Vanak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natrajan","family":"Balakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Hassall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subhash L.","family":"Hoti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darshan","family":"Narayanaswamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santoshkumar","family":"Potadar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mujeeb","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Mudassar","family":"Chanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"6643_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjaa209","volume":"58","author":"MA Diuk-Wasser","year":"2021","unstructured":"Diuk-Wasser MA, VanAcker MC, Fernandez MP. Impact of land use changes and habitat fragmentation on the eco-epidemiology of tick-borne diseases. J Med Entomol. 2021;58:1546\u201364.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"6643_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-052720-094533","volume":"66","author":"L Gilbert","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gilbert L. The impacts of climate change on ticks and tick-borne disease risk. Annu Rev Entomol. 2021;66:373\u201388.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"key":"6643_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjaa220","volume":"58","author":"NH Ogden","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ogden NH, Ben Beard C, Ginsberg HS, Tsao JI. Possible effects of climate change on ixodid ticks and the pathogens they transmit: predictions and observations. J Med Entomol. 2021;58:1536\u201345.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"6643_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12341","volume":"9","author":"JP Webster","year":"2016","unstructured":"Webster JP, Gower CM, Knowles SCL, Molyneux DH, Fenton A. One health - an ecological and evolutionary framework for tackling Neglected Zoonotic Diseases. Evol Appl. 2016;9:313\u201333.","journal-title":"Evol Appl"},{"key":"6643_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009243","volume":"15","author":"SJ Burthe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Burthe SJ, Sch\u00e4fer SM, Asaaga FA, Balakrishnan N, Chanda MM, Darshan N, et al. Reviewing the ecological evidence base for management of emerging tropical zoonoses: Kyasanur Forest Disease in India as a case study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021;15:e0009243.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"6643_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60233-6","volume":"373","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hotez PJ, Fenwick A, Savioli L, Molyneux DH. Rescuing the bottom billion through control of neglected tropical diseases. Lancet. 2009;373:1570\u20135.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"6643_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihu052","volume":"6","author":"BH Liese","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liese BH, Houghton N, Teplitskaya L. Development assistance for neglected tropical diseases: progress since 2009. Int Health. 2014;6:162\u201371.","journal-title":"Int Health"},{"key":"6643_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1086\/587530","volume":"171","author":"NA Hartemink","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hartemink NA, Randolph SE, Davis SA, Heesterbeek JAP. The basic reproduction number for complex disease systems: defining R(0) for tick-borne infections. Am Nat. 2008;171:743\u201354.","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"key":"6643_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(96)10072-7","volume":"12","author":"SE Randolph","year":"1996","unstructured":"Randolph SE, Gern L, Nuttall PA. Co-feeding ticks: Epidemiological significance for tick-borne pathogen transmission. Parasitol Today (Regul Ed). 1996;12:472\u20139.","journal-title":"Parasitol Today (Regul Ed)"},{"key":"6643_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011745","volume":"5","author":"E Nonaka","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nonaka E, Ebel GD, Wearing HJ. Persistence of pathogens with short infectious periods in seasonal tick populations: the relative importance of three transmission routes. PLoS ONE. 2010;5:e11745.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"6643_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.495","volume":"16","author":"P Pattnaik","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pattnaik P. Kyasanur forest disease: an epidemiological view in India. Rev Med Virol. 2006;16:151\u201365.","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"6643_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1525\/maq.1987.1.4.02a00040","volume":"1","author":"M Nichter","year":"1987","unstructured":"Nichter M. Kyasanur forest disease: an ethnography of a disease of development. Med Anthropol Q. 1987;1:406\u201323.","journal-title":"Med Anthropol Q"},{"key":"6643_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2017.2129","volume":"18","author":"YK Gurav","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gurav YK, Yadav PD, Gokhale MD, Chiplunkar TR, Vishwanathan R, Patil DY, et al. Kyasanur Forest Disease prevalence in Western Ghats proven and confirmed by recent outbreak in Maharashtra, India, 2016. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2018;18:164\u201372.","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"6643_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2707.210463","volume":"27","author":"S Chakraborty","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chakraborty S, Sander WE, Allan BF, Andrade FCD. Retrospective Study of Kyasanur Forest Disease and deaths among nonhuman primates, India, 1957\u20132020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27:1969\u201373.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"6643_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GH000164","volume":"3","author":"S Chakraborty","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chakraborty S, Andrade FCD, Ghosh S, Uelmen J, Ruiz MO. Historical expansion of Kyasanur Forest Disease in India from 1957 to 2017: a retrospective analysis. GeoHealth. 2019;3:44\u201355.","journal-title":"GeoHealth"},{"key":"6643_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2017.06.004","volume":"61","author":"DY Patil","year":"2017","unstructured":"Patil DY, Yadav PD, Shete AM, Nuchina J, Meti R, Bhattad D, et al. Occupational exposure of cashew nut workers to Kyasanur Forest disease in Goa. India Int J Infect Dis. 2017;61:67\u20139.","journal-title":"India Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"6643_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2101.141227","volume":"21","author":"SK Kiran","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kiran SK, Pasi A, Kumar S, Kasabi GS, Gujjarappa P, Shrivastava A, et al. Kyasanur Forest disease outbreak and vaccination strategy, Shimoga District, India, 2013\u20132014. Emerging Infect Dis. 2015;21:146\u20139.","journal-title":"Emerging Infect Dis"},{"key":"6643_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1902.120544","volume":"19","author":"GS Kasabi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kasabi GS, Murhekar MV, Yadav PD, Raghunandan R, Kiran SK, Sandhya VK, et al. Kyasanur Forest disease, India, 2011\u20132012. Emerging Infect Dis. 2013;19:278\u201381.","journal-title":"Emerging Infect Dis"},{"key":"6643_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000758","volume":"3","author":"FA Asaaga","year":"2023","unstructured":"Asaaga FA, Purse BV, Rahman M, Srinivas PN, Kalegowda SD, Seshadri T, et al. The role of social vulnerability in improving interventions for neglected zoonotic diseases: the example of Kyasanur Forest Disease in India. PLOS Glob Public Health. 2023;3:e0000758.","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"key":"6643_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asaaga FA, Rahman M, Kalegowda SD, Mathapati J. \u2019None of My Ancestors Ever Discussed this Disease Before!\u2019How Disease Information Shapes Adaptive Capacity of Marginalised Rural Populations in India. 2020.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-85392\/v1"},{"key":"6643_CR21","volume-title":"Haemaphysalis ticks of India","author":"G Geevarghese","year":"2011","unstructured":"Geevarghese G, Mishra AC. Haemaphysalis ticks of India. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2011."},{"key":"6643_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011300","volume":"17","author":"RMJ Hassall","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hassall RMJ, Burthe SJ, Sch\u00e4fer SM, Hartemink N, Purse BV. Using mechanistic models to highlight research priorities for tick-borne zoonotic diseases: improving our understanding of the ecology and maintenance of Kyasanur Forest disease in India. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2023;17:e0011300.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"6643_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008179","volume":"14","author":"BV Purse","year":"2020","unstructured":"Purse BV, Darshan N, Kasabi GS, Gerard F, Samrat A, George C, et al. Predicting disease risk areas through co-production of spatial models: the example of Kyasanur Forest Disease in India\u2019s forest landscapes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020;14:e0008179.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"6643_CR24","first-page":"1804","volume":"48","author":"MG Walsh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Walsh MG, Mor SM, Maity H, Hossain S. Forest loss shapes the landscape suitability of Kyasanur Forest disease in the biodiversity hotspots of the Western Ghats. India Int J Epidemiol. 2019;48:1804\u201314.","journal-title":"India Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"6643_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1969.18.67","volume":"18","author":"J Boshell","year":"1969","unstructured":"Boshell J. Kyasanur Forest disease: ecologic considerations. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1969;18:67\u201380.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"6643_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s12040-015-0645-y","volume":"125","author":"CS Reddy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Reddy CS, Jha CS, Dadhwal VK. Assessment and monitoring of long-term forest cover changes (1920\u20132013) in Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot. J Earth Syst Sci. 2016;125:103\u201314.","journal-title":"J Earth Syst Sci"},{"key":"6643_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.09.010","volume":"8","author":"C Sadanandane","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sadanandane C, Elango A, Marja N, Sasidharan PV, Raju KHK, Jambulingam P. An outbreak of Kyasanur forest disease in the Wayanad and Malappuram districts of Kerala. India Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2017;8:25\u201330.","journal-title":"India Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"6643_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2009.01378.x","volume":"12","author":"A Matser","year":"2009","unstructured":"Matser A, Hartemink N, Heesterbeek H, Galvani A, Davis S. Elasticity analysis in epidemiology: an application to tick-borne infections. Ecol Lett. 2009;12:1298\u2013305.","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"key":"6643_CR29","first-page":"628","volume":"56","author":"KR Singh","year":"1968","unstructured":"Singh KR, Goverdhan MK, Bhat HR. Transovarial transmission of Kyasanur Forest disease virus by Ixodes petauristae. Indian J Med Res. 1968;56:628\u201332.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"6643_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1038\/199513a0","volume":"199","author":"KR Singh","year":"1963","unstructured":"Singh KR, Pavri K, Anderson CR. Experimental transovarial transmission of Kyasanur Forest disease virus in haemaphysalis spinigera. Nature. 1963;199:513.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"6643_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-019-00345-9","volume":"77","author":"N Naren Babu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Naren Babu N, Jayaram A, Hemanth Kumar H, Pareet P, Pattanaik S, Auti AM, et al. Spatial distribution of Haemaphysalis species ticks and human Kyasanur Forest disease cases along the Western Ghats of India, 2017\u20132018. Exp Appl Acarol. 2019;77:435\u201347.","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol"},{"key":"6643_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168772","volume":"912","author":"A Samrat","year":"2024","unstructured":"Samrat A, Purse BV, Vanak A, Chaudhary A, Uday G, Rahman M, et al. Producing context specific land cover and land use maps of human-modified tropical forest landscapes for infectious disease applications. Sci Total Environ. 2024;912:168772.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"6643_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/29.2.352","volume":"29","author":"JF Carroll","year":"1992","unstructured":"Carroll JF, Schmidtmann ET. Tick sweep: modification of the tick drag-flag method for sampling nymphs of the deer tick (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol. 1992;29:352\u20135.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"6643_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2004.03.015","volume":"119","author":"JA Blow","year":"2004","unstructured":"Blow JA, Dohm DJ, Negley DL, Mores CN. Virus inactivation by nucleic acid extraction reagents. J Virol Methods. 2004;119:195\u20138.","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"6643_CR35","first-page":"566","volume":"67","author":"G Geevarghese","year":"1997","unstructured":"Geevarghese G, Fernandes S, Kulkarni SM. A checklist of Indian ticks (Acari\u202f: Ixodoidea). Indian J Anim Sci. 1997;67:566\u201374.","journal-title":"Indian J Anim Sci"},{"key":"6643_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.26515\/rzsi\/v30\/i3\/1928\/162556","volume":"30","author":"M Sharif","year":"1928","unstructured":"Sharif M. A Revision of the Indian ixodidae with special reference to the collection in the Indian Museum. rzsi. 1928;30:217.","journal-title":"rzsi"},{"key":"6643_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1006\/mpev.1995.1033","volume":"4","author":"DA Caporale","year":"1995","unstructured":"Caporale DA, Rich SM, Spielman A, Telford SR, Kocher TD. Discriminating between Ixodes ticks by means of mitochondrial DNA sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 1995;4:361\u20135.","journal-title":"Mol Phylogenet Evol"},{"key":"6643_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11230-005-9024-4","volume":"65","author":"AA Guglielmone","year":"2006","unstructured":"Guglielmone AA, Venzal JM, Gonz\u00e1lez-Acu\u00f1a D, Nava S, Hinojosa A, Mangold AJ. The phylogenetic position of Ixodes stilesi Neumann, 1911 (Acari: Ixodidae): morphological and preliminary molecular evidences from 16S rDNA sequences. Syst Parasitol. 2006;65:1\u201311.","journal-title":"Syst Parasitol"},{"key":"6643_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-93","volume":"7","author":"J Lv","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lv J, Wu S, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Feng C, Yuan X, et al. Assessment of four DNA fragments (COI, 16S rDNA, ITS2, 12S rDNA) for species identification of the Ixodida (Acari: Ixodida). Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:93.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6643_CR40","first-page":"294","volume":"3","author":"O Folmer","year":"1994","unstructured":"Folmer O, Black M, Hoeh W, Lutz R, Vrijenhoek R. DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Mol Marine Biol Biotechnol. 1994;3:294\u20139.","journal-title":"Mol Marine Biol Biotechnol"},{"key":"6643_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2012.07.019","volume":"186","author":"DT Mourya","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mourya DT, Yadav PD, Mehla R, Barde PV, Yergolkar PN, Kumar SRP, et al. Diagnosis of Kyasanur forest disease by nested RT-PCR, real-time RT-PCR and IgM capture ELISA. J Virol Methods. 2012;186:49\u201354.","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"6643_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2010.03.039","volume":"56","author":"K He","year":"2010","unstructured":"He K, Li Y-J, Brandley MC, Lin L-K, Wang Y-X, Zhang Y-P, et al. A multi-locus phylogeny of Nectogalini shrews and influences of the paleoclimate on speciation and evolution. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2010;56:734\u201346.","journal-title":"Mol Phylogenet Evol"},{"key":"6643_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-016-0832-8","volume":"16","author":"B Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang B, He K, Wan T, Chen P, Sun G, Liu S, et al. Multi-locus phylogeny using topotype specimens sheds light on the systematics of Niviventer (Rodentia, Muridae) in China. BMC Evol Biol. 2016;16:261.","journal-title":"BMC Evol Biol"},{"key":"6643_CR44","first-page":"541","volume":"56","author":"J Boshell","year":"1968","unstructured":"Boshell J, Rajagopalan PK, Patil AP, Pavri KM. Isolation of Kyasanur Forest disease virus from ixodid ticks: 1961\u20131964. Indian J Med Res. 1968;56:541\u201368.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"6643_CR45","first-page":"241","volume":"22","author":"HR Bhat","year":"1978","unstructured":"Bhat HR, Naik SV, Ilkal MA, Banerjee K. Transmission of Kyasanur Forest disease virus by Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides ticks. Acta Virol. 1978;22:241\u20134.","journal-title":"Acta Virol"},{"key":"6643_CR46","first-page":"527","volume":"56","author":"J Boshell","year":"1968","unstructured":"Boshell J, Rajagopalan PK. Small rodents and shrews in the Sagar-Sorab area, Mysore State India Population studies\u20131961\u20131964. Indian J Med Res. 1968;56:527\u201340.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"6643_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-019-01086-7","volume":"43","author":"R Balasubramanian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Balasubramanian R, Yadav PD, Sahina S, Arathy NV. Distribution and prevalence of ticks on livestock population in endemic area of Kyasanur forest disease in Western Ghats of Kerala. South India J Parasit Dis. 2019;43:256\u201362.","journal-title":"South India J Parasit Dis"},{"key":"6643_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106656","volume":"235","author":"PK Hembram","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hembram PK, Kumar GS, Kumar KGA, Deepa CK, Varghese A, Bora CAF, et al. Molecular detection of pathogens in the ova and unfed larvae of Rhipicephalus annulatus and Haemaphysalis bispinosa ticks infesting domestic cattle of south India. Acta Trop. 2022;235:106656.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"6643_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04049-7","volume":"13","author":"D Hauck","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hauck D, Jordan D, Springer A, Schunack B, Pachnicke S, Fingerle V, et al. Transovarial transmission of Borrelia spp., Rickettsia spp. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Ixodes ricinus under field conditions extrapolated from DNA detection in questing larvae. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13:176.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6643_CR50","first-page":"183","volume":"99","author":"S Chakraborty","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chakraborty S, O\u2019Hara-Ruiz M, Andrade F. Retrospective case history and analysis of Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD) in India. Am J Trop Med Hygiene. 2018;99:183.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hygiene"},{"key":"6643_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11067","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38074-0","volume":"13","author":"R Keshavamurthy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Keshavamurthy R, Charles LE. Predicting Kyasanur forest disease in resource-limited settings using event-based surveillance and transfer learning. Sci Rep. 2023;13:11067.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"6643_CR52","unstructured":"UKCEH. Monkey Fever Risk. https:\/\/monkeyfeverrisk.ceh.ac.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/2022-05\/Operational-Manual-Kyasanur-Forest-Disease-DHFWS-2020-compressed.pdf. Accessed 2 Dec 2024."}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06643-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06643-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06643-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T06:52:34Z","timestamp":1737096754000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06643-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6643"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06643-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"14"}}